新西班牙總督轄區
新西班牙總督轄區 Virreinato de Nueva España(西班牙語) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1521年—1821年 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
新西班牙首府墨西哥市的市徽
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格言:Plus Ultra(拉丁語) 通向更遠方 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
国歌:《皇家進行曲》 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
西班牙勃艮第十字旗 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
地位 | 西班牙帝國之總督轄區 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
首都 | 墨西哥城 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
常用语言 | 西班牙語(官方) 其他語言:法語、納瓦特語、玛雅语、美洲原住民語言、菲律賓語、台湾原住民语言 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
宗教 | 羅馬天主教 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
政府 | 總督轄區 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
西班牙國王 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1535-1556 | 卡洛斯一世 (首任) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1813-1821 | 費爾南多七世(末任) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
總督 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1535-1550 | 安東尼奧·德·門多薩(首任) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1821 | 胡安·奧多諾胡(行政長官) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
立法机构 | 印度議會 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
历史时期 | 殖民時期 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 征服阿兹特克 | 1519–1521年 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 總督轄區成立 | 1521年 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1717年5月27日 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1739年 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 聖伊德方索條約 | 1800年10月1日 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1819年2月22日 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 西班牙立憲革命廢止了新西班牙總督轄區 | 1820年5月31日 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1821年1810年- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
人口 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1519年 | 2000萬 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1810年 | 500到650萬 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
货币 | 西班牙殖民雷亞爾 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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今属于 |
美洲殖民史 |
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歷史主題系列 |
历史系列条目 |
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墨西哥历史 |
墨西哥历史时间轴 |
墨西哥主题 |
系列条目 |
古巴历史 |
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新西班牙總督轄區 |
古巴都督府 |
古巴獨立戰爭 |
美西战争 |
美国保护国 |
古巴共和国 (1902–1959) |
古巴革命 |
专题史 |
军事史 |
古巴主题 |
新西班牙總督轄區(西班牙語:Virreinato de Nueva España IPA:[birei̯ˈnato ðe ˈnweβa esˈpaɲa]),是西班牙帝国管理北美洲和菲律宾的殖民地总督辖地,首府位於墨西哥城。新西班牙總督的管轄範圍包含今墨西哥、中美洲(除巴拿馬)、美國加利福尼亚州、內華達州、猶他州、科羅拉多州、亞利桑那州、新墨西哥州、得克萨斯州、今日加拿大英屬哥倫比亞的西南部,加上瓜地馬拉都督府(包括今日的瓜地馬拉、墨西哥恰帕斯州、貝里斯、哥斯大黎加、薩爾瓦多、宏都拉斯、尼加拉瓜)和古巴都督府(包含今日的古巴、墨西哥恰帕斯州、貝里斯、多明尼加、千里達及托巴哥、波多黎各和瓜地洛普),以及亚洲的菲律賓都督府(包含今日的菲律賓、關島、加羅林群島、馬里亞納群島、西屬艾爾摩莎和德那第蘇丹國)。
1535年後,殖民地開始由新西班牙總督實行君權統治,總督由西班牙國王指派。首府設在墨西哥城。[1][2]
新西班牙的領土有些被其他歐洲強權奪取,有些獨立建國,而其核心區域則一直在西班牙統治下,直到1821年獨立成墨西哥第一帝國,該帝國解體後成為今日的墨西哥和中美洲。新西班牙的行政區劃高度在地化,其分區以氣候、地形、原住民人口密度進行劃分。墨西哥中部與南部原住民人口密度高,擁有複雜的社會、政治和經濟組織。墨西哥北部的原住民則是游牧或半游牧民族,本來無法發展成密集人口的社會。然而1540年代於薩卡特卡斯發現了銀礦後,開始湧入更多的定居人口。銀礦不只是新西班牙的經濟命脈,同時也是西班牙快速致富的關鍵,改變了全球經濟。新西班牙是菲律賓貿易在新世界的終點站,使得該地成為西班牙新世界帝國與亞洲帝國之間的重要連接點。
新西班牙王國與西班牙王位之間的關係
[编辑]1521年,西班牙人征服了阿茲特克帝國後,建立了新西班牙王國這個新世界王國。由於伊莎貝拉一世資助了美洲的探險活動,因此新西班牙國王的頭銜屬於西班牙君主。[3][4]雖然新西班牙為西班牙的附屬地,然而名義上並非殖民地而是一個「王國」,其王位附屬在西班牙王位之下[5]。君主在海外領地中有至高無上的權力。
國王並不僅僅擁有統治權,還擁有所有權:對於美洲領地中的一切財產,國王擁有絕對的所有權;政治上則是獨攬大權的統治者。一切的特權、職位﹑經濟政治或宗教都是由國王掌控。[5]
新西班牙總督轄區1535年在新西班牙王國中建立。是西班牙第一個擁有的總督轄區,也是18世紀波旁改革前僅有的兩個總督轄區之一。
歷史
[编辑]在1521年之前,西班牙尚未征服阿茲特克帝國時,西班牙人在加勒比海群島及其周邊地區進行的探險和拓荒,在政治上、戰略上、或甚至經濟上都不具重要性。然而西班牙人於這些在加勒比地區先行的探險、征服、拓墾和直轄統治,不但頗具成效,且深遠影響著周邊地區,例如墨西哥和秘魯。[6] 西班牙人所控制的中部美洲當地社會,比起他們在加勒比地區所遇見的社會更加複雜且富裕。對卡斯蒂利亞王權而言,既是重要的機會也是潛在的威脅,因為征服者不受王權約束,而獨自行動。這些中美洲當地社會提供了如同埃爾南·科爾特斯這樣的征服者自治的基礎,甚至從王權中獨立出來。
因此神聖羅馬皇帝兼西班牙國王查理五世於1524年設立了印度議會,以皇家直轄的權力負責監督與確保王權在新世界的利益。
行政區劃
[编辑]相关条目
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]引用
[编辑]- ^ Haring (1947)
- ^ Altman,Cline & Pescador (2003)
- ^ Haring (1947), pp. 7, 105
- ^ Liss (1975), p. 33
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Haring (1947), p. 7
- ^ Lockhart & Schwartz (1983), pp. 61-85
来源
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- Lockhart, James; Schwartz, Stuart. Early Latin America. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 1983.
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- Marichal, Carlos. Mexican Cochineal and the European Demand for American Dyes, 1550–1850. Steven Topik, Carlos Marichal & Zephyr Frank (编). From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500–2000. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 2006: 76–92.
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- Monsivaís, Carlos. 'Just Over That Hill'": Notes on Centralism and Regional Cultures. Eric Van Young (编). Mexico's Regions. Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, UCSD. 1992.
- de la Mota Padilla, Matías. Conquista del Reino de Nueva Galicia en la América Septrentrional..., Texas, Sonora, Sinaloa, con noticias de la California [Conquest of the Kingdom of New Galicia in North America..., Texas, Sonora, Sinaloa, with news of California]. Mexico. 1870 [1742] (西班牙语).
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历史书目
[编辑]- Hanke, Lewis. Do the Americas Have a Common History? A Critique of the Bolton Theory (1964)
- Hurtado, Albert L. "Bolton and Turner: The Borderlands and American Exceptionalism." Western Historical Quarterly 44#1 (2013): 4-20. online (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Hurtado, Albert L. Herbert Eugene Bolton: Historian of the American Borderlands (University of California Press; 2012) 360 pages
- Van Young, Eric. Are Regions Good to Think?. Eric Van Young (编). Mexico's Regions. Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, UCSD. 1992.
- Weber, David. J. (编). The Idea of the Spanish Borderlands. New York, NY: Garland Publishers. 1991.
延伸阅读
[编辑]- Altman, Ida and James Lockhart, eds. The Provinces of Early Mexico (UCLA Latin American Center 1976)
- Altman, Ida, Sarah Cline, and Javier Pescador, The Early History of Greater Mexico (Pearson 2003)
- Bakewell, P.J. A History of Latin America (Oxford U.P., 1997)
- Bethell, Leslie, ed. The Cambridge History of Latin America (Vols. 1–2. Cambridge UP, 1984)
- Cañeque, Alejandro. "The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America" History Compass (April 2013) 114 pp 280–291, DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12043
- Collier, Simon. From Cortes to Castro: An Introduction to the History of Latin America, 1492–1973 (1974)
- Gibson, Charles. The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519-1810. (Stanford University Press 1964).
- Lockhart, James. The Nahuas After the Conquest (Stanford University Press)
- Muldoon, James. The Americas in The Spanish World Order (1994)
- Parry, J.H. The Spanish Seaborne Empire (1974)
- Parry, J.H. The Spanish Theory of Empire in the Sixteenth Century (1974)
- Stein, Barbara H., and Stanley J. Stein. Crisis in an Atlantic Empire: Spain and New Spain, 1808-1810 (Johns Hopkins University Press; 2014) 808 pages.
- Leibsohn, Dana, and Barbara E. Mundy, Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520-1820. http://www.fordham.edu/vistas, 2015.
外部連結
[编辑]- MEXICO'S COLONIAL ERA—PART I: The Settlement of New Spain (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) at mexconnect.com
- Index to the DeWitt Colony Region under New Spain (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) at Texas A&M University
- 1492 – Middle America (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) at ibiblio.org the public's library and digital archive
- Encyclopedia Britannica : Hispanic Heritage in The Americas (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)