薰衣草油
薰衣草油（英语：Lavender oil，CAS号：8000-28-0）是通过蒸馏某些薰衣草品种的花穗获得的精油。不同的品种提取出的薰衣草油有着不同的香气：提取自狭叶薰衣草（又名真薰衣草、英国薰衣草）的薰衣草油（lavender flower oil）有着清甜的花香，提取自宽叶薰衣草（又名穗状薰衣草、穗花薰衣草）的穗状薰衣草油（lavender spike oil）在清香中带有清凉的草药香，宽窄叶杂交薰衣草（又名醒目薰衣草[1]）的精油香气则介于两者之间。[2][3]
与所有精油一样，薰衣草油不是纯净的单一化合物，而是复杂的植物性化合物的混合物，精油成分也因薰衣草的品种而异。[4]狭叶薰衣草精油的主要成分包括乙酸芳樟醇、芳樟醇，而穗状薰衣草油的主要成分包括芳樟醇、桉叶油醇和樟脑。[4]
生产
[编辑]薰衣草油是通过水蒸气蒸馏法生产的。[5][6]这种方法减少了极性化合物的损失，与其他方法相比能产生更多的精油。[7]薰衣草花的收获期通常在六月下旬至八月之间。[8]剪下的薰衣草花序被压入薰衣草蒸馏器中，水蒸汽从蒸馏器底部进入加热薰衣草。[5]油腺在加热过程中破裂，释放出的薰衣草油汽化与水蒸汽一起上升，在上方的冷管上凝结成液体，被收集到储罐中。[5]由于水和薰衣草油有着不同的极性和密度，两者不互溶，会在储罐中分层，将水从管道排出，即得到薰衣草油。[5][9]
薰衣草油在世界各地都有生产，其中保加利亚、法国和中国的产量领先。[10][11]
用途
[编辑]薰衣草油被用于香水、芳香疗法和皮肤涂抹，[12]但这些用法没有临床益处。[13]薰衣草油用于按摩疗法，通过直接接触皮肤使人放松，但可能会发生过敏反应。[13]目前没有充分的证据支持使用薰衣草油治疗失智症。[14]
2021年的一项荟萃分析包括五项针对焦虑症患者的研究，这五项研究均由所用薰衣草油胶囊的制造商资助，其中四项研究是由荟萃分析的一位作者进行，[15] 不清楚它们是否是盲法试验。 [16]这项分析显示，每天口服80毫克薰衣草油与汉密尔顿焦虑评定量表上的焦虑评分降低相关。[15]根据国家补充与替代医学中心的说法，由于这些研究的局限性，口服薰衣草油治疗焦虑症的有效性仍不确定。[13]
在蒸馏松节油普及之前，穗状薰衣草油曾被用作油画的溶剂。[17]
可能的不良影响
[编辑]尽管人们普遍认为薰衣草油对其预期用途是安全的，[18]但它是一种潜在的内分泌干扰物，持续接触可能会影响女孩和男孩的乳房发育。[19]
包括薰衣草油在内的许多精油，如果服用都有毒性。[20][21]一般来说，服用5毫升的稀释精油可能会导致成人中毒，2-3毫升可能会导致儿童中毒。[22] 2014-2018年，新南威尔士州报告了271起薰衣草油中毒病例，占所有精油中毒病例的6.1%，中毒者大多数是儿童。[21]
薰衣草油的主要有毒成分是乙酸芳樟酯和芳樟醇。[20][23]
摄入薰衣草油中毒的症状包括视力模糊、呼吸困难、喉咙灼痛、眼睛灼伤、神志不清、意识水平下降、腹泻、胃痛、呕吐和皮疹。[20]局部涂抹薰衣草油可能会引起接触性皮炎。[22]
摄入的薰衣草油可能会与处方药发生相互作用，包括抗凝剂、他汀类药物和抗癫痫药物。[24]
化学成分
[编辑]薰衣草油的植物性化合物成分因品种而异，主要由单萜和倍半萜醇组成。[24]主要是芳樟醇（20-35%）和乙酸芳樟酯（30-55%），并有中等水平的乙酸薰衣草酯、4-松油醇、薰衣草醇、 桉叶油醇、樟脑、柠烯和单宁。[24]薰衣草油通常含有100多种化合物，尽管其中许多化合物的浓度可以忽略不计。[24][25]
| 类 | 成分 | 狭叶薰衣草 | 宽叶薰衣草 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 萜烯/单萜醇 |  芳樟醇 |
28.92 % | 49.47 % |
| α-松油醇 | 0.90% | 1.08% | |
| γ-松油醇 | 0.09% | ||
| 冰片 | 1.43% | ||
| 异冰片 | 0.82% | ||
| 4-松油醇 | 4.32% | ||
| 橙花醇 | 0.20% | ||
| 薰衣草醇 | 0.78% | ||
| 萜烯/萜烯酯 |  乙酸芳樟酯 |
32.98 % | |
| 乙酸香叶酯 | 0.60% | ||
| 乙酸橙花酯 | 0.32% | ||
| 乙酸蘑菇酯 | 0.65% | ||
| 乙酸薰衣草酯 | 4.52% | ||
| 萜烯/单萜 | 月桂烯 | 0.46% | 0.41% |
| α-蒎烯 | 0.54% | ||
| β-蒎烯 | 0.33% | ||
| 莰烯 | 0.30% | ||
| ( E )-β-罗勒烯 | 3.09% | ||
| ( Z )-β-罗勒烯 | 4.44% | ||
| β-水芹烯 | 0.12% | ||
| 萜烯/萜类氧化物 |  桉叶油醇 |
25.91 % | |
| 萜烯/倍半萜烯 | β-石竹烯 | 4.62% | 2.10% |
| β-金合欢烯 | 2.73% | ||
| β-月桂烯 | 0.27% | ||
| α-葎草烯 | 0.28% | ||
| 酮类 |  樟脑 |
0.85% | 13:00 % |
| 3-辛酮 | 0.72% | ||
 隐品酮（Cryptone） |
0.35% |
参考
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