User:LLnnn252/沙盒
負面評價恐懼（fear of negative evaluation；簡稱FNE）, 又稱失敗恐懼症（atychiphobia）[1]是一種心理建構，反映了「對他人評價的恐懼、對他人負面評價的困擾，以及認為他人會對自己作出負面評價的預期心理」。
這種心理建構及其測驗在1969年由David Watson和Ronald Friend定義[2]。負面評價恐懼與部分的人格特徵有關，如焦慮、順從和社交迴避。在測驗中得分較高的人，會努力於尋求社會上的認同和避免被他人否定，並可能避免參加需要被他人評價的場合。高度負面評價恐懼者也更容易受到周遭環境因素的影響[3]。這種心理建構與從眾、親社會行為和社交焦慮相關聯[4]。
測試
[编辑]最初的負面評價恐懼（FNE）測試包括三十個項目，採用句子回應格式，完成約需十分鐘。量表得分範圍從0到30分，得分越高代表FNE程度越高。
1983年，馬克·利里提出了簡短版本的FNE測試（稱作BFNE），保留十二個原始問題，並採用五點李克特量表[5]。量表得分範圍從12到60分，得分越高代表FNE程度越高。
信度
[编辑]原始三十項和簡短十二項FNE測試均顯示具有高內部一致性[6]。原始版本和簡短版本之間的相關性非常高[6]。
效度
[编辑]FNE與其他社交焦慮測量（如互動焦慮量表（ Interaction Anxiousness Scale）和SAD PERSONS量表）之間的相關性並不強[7]。
社交焦慮
[编辑]社交焦慮部分是對他人負面評價的反應。FNE與參與社交場合時對不利評價的恐懼有關，而社交焦慮則是對這種社交場合的純粹情緒反應。當社交恐懼症患者評估其人際關係時，他們對負面評價的恐懼極高，並表現出高度的FNE[8]。如Deborah Roth Ledley所述[9]，研究中的受試者在完成點探測範式任務後被要求發表演講。面對負面表情時，低FNE參與者沒有顯示出任何增加的憂慮，而高FNE參與者顯示出更多的憂慮[10]。
FNE是由社交焦慮引起的飲食失調的直接原因，例如，對外貌被負面評價的恐懼。這比抑鬱和社會比較在引起飲食失調的原因中排名更高。這是因為FNE是暴食症態度和身體不滿的基礎[11]。
Social anxiety is, in part, a response to perceived negative evaluation by others. Whereas FNE is related to the dread of being evaluated unfavorably when participating in a social situation, social anxiety is defined as a purely emotional reaction to this type of social situation. When patients with social phobia evaluate their relationships, they are extremely fearful of negative evaluation and express high degrees of FNE.[12] As discussed by Deborah Roth Ledley,[13] subjects in a study were asked to give a speech after completing a dot-probe paradigm task. After being presented with negative faces, low FNE participants did not display any increased apprehension, whereas high FNE participants displayed more apprehension.[14]
FNE is a direct cause of eating disorders caused by social anxieties, I.e., the fear of being negatively evaluated upon appearance. It ranks higher than depression and social comparison in causes of eating disorders. This is because FNE is the foundation for bulimic attitudes and body dissatisfaction.[15]
遺傳
[编辑]FNE被認為具有一定的遺傳度，與如焦慮、順從和社交迴避等人格特徵相似。在雙胞胎研究中，BFNE得分被發現具有遺傳成分。此外，BFNE得分與人格病理維度評估問卷的遺傳相關性也已被發現[16]。據推測，影響負面評價恐懼的基因會影響一系列焦慮性人格行為。
FNE has been suggested to have some genetic component, as are other personality characteristics such as trait anxiousness, submissiveness, and social avoidance. BFNE scores have been found to have a genetic component in twin studies. In addition, BFNE scores and the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire have been found to be genetically correlated.[12] It has been suggested that the genes that influence negative evaluation fears affect a range of anxiety personality behaviors.
判斷與感知
[编辑]Winton、Clark和Edelmann於1995年發現，FNE得分較高的人更能準確地識別負面表情[17]。FNE得分較高的人也被觀察到在公開演講中高估他們的社交缺點（例如尷尬、演講中的長時間停頓），而低估自己的社交優點（例如自信）[18]。低FNE者則高估了他們的公開演講的成果。相反，高FNE者的演講能夠更有效、更符合聽眾的實際理解[19]。在籃球場上，低FNE的選手能夠承受更高的壓力並維持表現水準，而高FNE的選手在壓力下表現明顯下降[20]。
參見
[编辑]參考資料
[编辑]- ^ Ph.D, Irena Milosevic; Ph.D, Randi E. McCabe. Phobias: The Psychology of Irrational Fear: The Psychology of Irrational Fear. ABC-CLIO. 2015-03-03. ISBN 978-1-61069-576-3 （英语）.
- ^ Watson, D.; Friend, R. Measurement of Social-evaluative Anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1969, 33 (4): 448–57. PMID 5810590. doi:10.1037/h0027806.
- ^ Leary, M. A Brief Version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1983, 9 (3): 371–75 [13 November 2012]. S2CID 144875099. doi:10.1177/0146167283093007. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于23 January 2013）.
- ^ Schlenker, B. Impression Management: The Self-concept, Social Identity, and Interpersonal Relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing. 1980.
- ^ 引用错误：没有为名为
Leary2的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 6.0 6.1 Andrews, F. Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes. San Diego, CA: Gulf Professional Publishing. 1991 （英语）.
- ^ 引用错误：没有为名为
Andrews3的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Stein, M.; Jang, K.; Livesley, W. J. Heritability of Social Anxiety-related Concerns and Personality Characteristics: a Twin Study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002, 190 (4): 219–224. PMID 11960082. S2CID 44689870. doi:10.1097/00005053-200204000-00002 （英语）.
- ^ Ledley, Deborah Roth. Cognitive phenomena in social anxiety disorder. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 2006: 251–283 （英语）.
- ^ Mansell, W.; Clark, D. M.; Ehlers, A.; Chen, Y.P. Social anxiety and attention away from emotional faces. Cognition and Emotion. 1999, 13 (6): 673–690. doi:10.1080/026999399379032 （英语）.
- ^ Levinson, Cheri A.; Rodebaugh, Thomas L. Social anxiety and eating disorder comorbidity: The role of negative social evaluation fears. Eating Behaviors. 2012-01, 13 (1): 27–35. ISSN 1471-0153. PMC 3244677
. PMID 22177392. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.11.006 （英语）.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Stein, M.; Jang, K.; Livesley, W. J. Heritability of Social Anxiety-related Concerns and Personality Characteristics: a Twin Study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002, 190 (4): 219–224. PMID 11960082. S2CID 44689870. doi:10.1097/00005053-200204000-00002.
- ^ Ledley, Deborah Roth. Cognitive phenomena in social anxiety disorder. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 2006: 251–283.
- ^ Mansell, W.; Clark, D. M.; Ehlers, A.; Chen, Y.P. Social anxiety and attention away from emotional faces. Cognition and Emotion. 1999, 13 (6): 673–690. doi:10.1080/026999399379032.
- ^ Levinson, Cheri A.; Rodebaugh, Thomas L. Social anxiety and eating disorder comorbidity: The role of negative social evaluation fears. Eating Behaviors. January 2012, 13 (1): 27–35. ISSN 1471-0153. PMC 3244677 . PMID 22177392. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.11.006.
- ^ 引用错误：没有为名为
Stein3的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Winton, E.; Clark, D.; Edelmann, R. Social Anxiety, Fear of Negative Evaluation and the Detection of Negative Emotion in others. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1995, 33 (2): 193–196. PMID 7887878. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)e0019-f （英语）.
- ^ 引用错误：没有为名为
Mansell3的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Fas, N.; Page, A.; Serfaty, C.; Tai, V.; Winkler, C. Speaker overestimation of communication effectiveness and fear of negative evaluation: Being realistic is unrealistic. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2008, 15 (6): 1160–1165. PMID 19001584. S2CID 15997486. doi:10.3758/pbr.15.6.1160 （英语）.
- ^ Mesagno, Christopher; J. Harvey; C. Janelle. Choking under pressure: The role of fear of negative evaluation. Psychology of Sport & Exercise. 2012, 13 (1): 60–68. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.07.007 （英语）.
衍伸閱讀
[编辑]- Alloy, L.; Riskind, J. (2005). Cognitive Vulnerability to Emotional Disorders. Psychology Press.
- Kluger, A.; DeNisi, A. (1996) "The Effects of Feedback Interventions on Performance: A Historical Review, a Meta-Analysis, and a Preliminary Feedback Intervention Theory." Psychological Bulletin. 119 (2): 254–284.
- Stopa, L.; Clark, D. (2001) "Social Phobia: Comments on the Viability and Validity of an Analogue Research Strategy and British Norms for the Fear of Negative Evaluation Questionnaire." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 29 (4), 423–430.
- Weeks, J.; Jakatdar, J.; Heimberg, R. (2010). "Comparing and Contrasting Fears of Positive and Negative Evaluation as Facets of Social Anxiety." Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology. January, 68–94.
- Anastasi, A. (1982) Psychological Testing (5th ed.). New York: Macmillan