User:星乂夜月/元知識論

元知识论是元哲学的主题、物质和研究方法。它的目的為构建我们的知识的知識以及了解本身的知识。

在元知识论中，有兩種基本研究元知识论的方法：传统的规范知识论和自然知识论。

传统的知识论一直关注正当性。根据传统的知识模型，命题p是当且仅当：

X相信p，
p是真的，
X有理由相信p

自笛卡尔时代以来，笛卡尔一直试图建立获取真实信念的标准，并確定我们有理由相信的信念，因此，知识论的主要项目就是阐明这种知识概念中的辩证条件，以形成合理的真实信念。

自然知识论始于20世纪的威拉德·范奥曼·蒯因。他的主張被称为“替代自然主义”。這套理論是要从知识论中删除一切规范性描述。他希望把知识论与经验心理学的理論结合，以使每一个知识论的陈述都被經驗心理陈述取代。

定义

知识论是知识的研究或理论，包括以下问题：什么是知识？如何获取、测试、存储、修订、更新和检索知識？

元知識論的目标是确定不正确的传统假设，或者是迄今为止被忽略的概括范围。然而，尽管知识论通常被视为哲学的一个分支，但它也會以生物学中的例子为例，它们在研究方式上似乎是相關的。

參考文獻

Ashby, William Ross. Design for a Brain reprint. BiblioBazaar. 2011. ISBN 978-1-175-96872-2.
Beer, Anthony Stafford (1972/1981) Brain of the Firm. Wiley: NY & London.
Beth, E.W. and Piaget, Jean (1966) Mathematical Epistemology and Psychology. D.Reidel: Dordrecht.
Furth, H.J. (1969) Piaget and knowledge. Prentice-Hall: NJ.
Gruber, H.E. and J.J.Vonèche (eds) (1977) The Essential Piaget. Routledge & Kegan Paul: London.
Hebb, Donald Olding (1949/1964) The organization of behaviour. Wiley: NY & London.
Kant, Immanuel (1781 "A" / 1787 "B" / 1993 / 2007) Critique of pure reason. Palgrave Macmillan: Boston; [N. Kemp Smith translation, ISBN 978-0-230-01338-4].
Nitsch, F.A. (1796/1977) A View of Professor Kant's Principles of Man, World and the Deity. Yale University facsimile.
Piaget, Jean (1923/1926) Language and Thought of the Child. Routledge & Kegan Paul: London.
Piaget, Jean (1949/1950) Traité de logique, Armand Collin: Paris. — Republished (1972) as Essai de Logique Operatoire, Dunod.
Piaget, Jean (1952) "La logistique axiomatique ou 'pure', la logistique operatoire ou psychologique, et les réalités auxelles elles correspondent". Methodos, 4(13), 72–85.
Piaget, Jean (1967/1971) Biology and Knowledge. Chicago University Press.
Popper, Karl (1934/1959/1972) Logik der Forschung / The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Hutchinson: London.
Popper, Karl (1975/1994) "The rationality of scientific revolutions"; (i) in Rom Harré (ed.) (1975) Problems of Scientific Revolution. Scientific Progress and Obstacles to Progress in the Sciences, The Herbert Spencer Lectures 1973, Clarendon Press, Oxford. — Also in (ii) M.A.Notturno (ed.)(1994) The Myth of the Framework: In defence of science and rationality; Routledge, London; ISBN 0-415-11320-2; pp. 1–32.
Thagard, Paul (1992) Conceptual Revolutions. Princeton University Press ISBN 0-691-02490-1 — Or try his actual "ECHO" software, now accessible online: [1]
Traill, R.R. (1978) Thesis [on Piaget and Ashby etc.]. Cybernetics Department, Brunel University. [2] — plus collection of related papers (1976/2007) [3]
Traill, R.R. (1999) "Four Learning-system Types (Epistemologies): with a Common Basic Strategy" — Chapter 4, within Mind and Micromechanism. Ondwelle, Melbourne. [4] — ISBN 0-9577737-0-6
Traill, R.R. (2006 / 2008) Thinking by molecule, synapse, or both? — From Piaget's schema, to the selecting/editing of ncRNA Ondwelle, Melbourne. [5] — ["Table S" is in the 2008 Supplement, p. 31.] — also available in French / aussi en français: [6]
Whitehead, A.N. and B.Russell (1910–1913) Principia Mathematica. Cambridge University Press.

[[Category:元哲学]] [[Category:知識論]]