User:星乂夜月/厭惡理論
厭惡理論[note 1],為对理性的仇恨其中一種解說。源於對逻辑推理、邏輯论证和苏格拉底反詰法的排斥及不信任。
詞源
[编辑]这个词源自柏拉图的作品《斐多篇》(Φαίδων在阿提卡希臘語),這裡展示了苏格拉底最后的时光和处决方式,這裡揭示了蘇格拉底因追求哲學而冒犯了不少人。
柏拉圖的《斐多篇》讲述了埃利斯的斐多的故事,他回忆起與苏格拉底共處的最後幾個小時,埃切克拉底(Echecrates )听说了苏格拉底被处死的消息,但没有詳細的資訊,因此他很好奇。斐多(Phaedo)是苏格拉底被执行死刑的人之一,他开始解释说,他和其他人早在他被执行死刑之日就聚集在苏格拉底。在那里,西米亚斯( Simmias )和塞伯斯(Cebes)已开始与苏格拉底讨论来世,尤其是塞伯斯(Cebes)对苏格拉底提出质疑,认为他的灵魂必须是不朽的。斐多篇回忆苏格拉底刚刚提出了一个论点,以这种效果,当两个西米亚斯和底比斯的塞贝斯提出异议优异。 Phaedo打破了他的故事,对Echecrates说:
When we heard what they [Simmias and Cebes] said we were all depressed, as we told each other afterwards. We had been quite convinced by the previous argument [Socrates' argument], and they seemed to confuse us again, and to drive us to doubt not only what had already been said but also what was going to be said, lest we be worthless as critics or the subject itself [the fate of the soul] admitted of no certainty.
——Plato,Phaedo, 88c [5]
(聽了西貝亞斯和克貝的反對意見,我們全都感到非常沮喪,這是我們後來相互交談時得知的。在這場討論的前半段,我們本來都已經非常相信了,可是這個時候我們感到他們把我們的信念顛覆了,把我們的自信心摧毀了,不僅涉及已經說過的內容,而且涉及後來的內容。我們也許缺乏判斷的能力,或者說可以證明這些事實本身是不可靠的。《柏拉圖全集‧斐多篇》88C)
然后法大告诉埃奇克拉底,在回答西米亚斯和塞伯斯的论点苏格拉底之前,毫无疑问地看到他们的反对在所有在场人士中引起了不安,而法大本人向埃奇克拉底证明了这一点。他们决不能因为这种反对而灰心,并因此拒绝哲学。 Phaedo说苏格拉底由此开始:
...but first there is a certain experience we must be careful to avoid...That we must not become misologues, as people become misanthropes. There is no greater evil one can suffer than to hate reasonable discourse. Misology and misanthropy arise in the same way. Misanthropy comes when a man without knowledge or skill has placed great trust in someone and believes him to be altogether truthful, sound and trustworthy; then, a short time afterwards he finds him to be wicked and unreliable, and then this happens in another case; when one has frequently had that experience, especially with those whom one believed to be one's closest friends, then, in the end, after many blows, one comes to hate all men and to believe that no one is sound in any way at all...This is a shameful state of affairs...and obviously due to an attempt to have human relations without any skill in human affairs.
——Plato,Phaedo, 89d–e [5]
(這是在人們變得厭惡人的意義上說的。對任何人來說,沒有比厭惡論證更大的不幸了。厭惡討論和厭惡人是以同樣的方式產生的。厭惡人的產生是由於不加批判地相信某人。你假定某個人絕對誠實、忠心、可靠,而後又發現他是虛偽的,不可靠的。同樣的事情一而再、再而三發生。由於對這些被認為是你最親近朋友的反覆感到失望,你和他們的友誼均以可恨的結果而告終,這種情況會使你厭惡任何人,認定在任何地方都不可能找到真誠。《柏拉圖全集‧斐多篇》89D-E)
柏拉图的苏格拉底正在警告读者,正如一个人不应该因为自己的品格判断而讨厌他的同伴一样,他们也不应该讨厌论证和理由-参与“错误学”-只是因为他们可能不够熟练以辨别论点的缺点和优点:
现代起源
[编辑]1833年時,misology這個論說獲得了證明。[6]以及所采用本杰明·乔伊特的1871年翻译柏拉图的作品,对话的:“因为有厌世者或男人的仇敌,也有misologists或想法仇敌。 ” [7]
依曼纽尔·康德( Immanuel Kant)在其1785年的著作《道德形而上学的基础》 ( Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten )的段落中也使用了该术语:“ Misologie,di [das ist]Haßder Vernunft” [8] [9]托马斯金斯米尔雅培于1895年,直截了当,如:“misology,就是對理性的仇恨” [10] [11]
也可以看看
[编辑][[Category:非形式謬誤]] [[Category:推理]] [[Category:反智主义]]
- ^ Harokopos, Aristeidis. Φαίδων. Project Gutenberg. 2011-01-07 [2011-11-06] (grc).
- ^ Greek Word Study Tool: misologia. Perseus Digital Library. [2011-11-06].
- ^ Greek Word Study Tool: misos. Perseus Digital Library. [2011-11-06].
- ^ Greek Word Study Tool: logos. Perseus Digital Library. [2011-11-06].
- ^ 5.0 5.1 G.M.A. Grube. Cooper, John M , 编. Plato: Complete Works. Indianapolis, Indiana, US: Hackett. 1997. ISBN 978-0-87220-349-5.
- ^ Merriam-Webster: Misology. Merriam-Webster. [2011-11-06].
- ^ Sue Asscher and David Widger. Phaedo. Project Gutenberg. 2008-10-29 [2011-11-06].
- ^ Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (1906). Internet Archive. 2007-11-16 [2011-11-06].
- ^ Immanuel Kant's Grundlegung zur metaphysik der sitten (1870). Internet Archive. 2009-01-15 [2011-11-06].
- ^ Matthew Stapleton. Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals. Project Gutenberg. 2005-11-05 [2011-11-06].
- ^ Fundamental principles of the Metaphysics of ethics (1895). Internet Archive. 2006-12-15 [2011-11-06].
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