陰離子間隙
外觀
陰離子間隙(anion gap, AG)是指血漿中未測定的陰離子(undetermined anion, UA)和未測定的陽離子的差值(undetermined cation, UC)的差值,即。[1]「陰離子間隙」也可能指代血清陰離子間隙、尿液陰離子間隙。[2]
計算
[編輯]Na+是血漿中主要的陽離子,又稱可測定的陽離子;HCO3-和Cl-是血漿中主要的陰離子,又稱可測定的陰離子。未測定的陽離子(UC)主要包括K+,Ca2+,Mg2+等,未測定的陰離子主要包括Pr-(蛋白質陰離子),HPO42-,SO42-。[1]由此可見,陰離子間隙是血漿鈉濃度(體內主要陽離子)與氯離子和碳酸氫鹽濃度(體內主要陰離子)之和之間的差值。[3]即[4][5]:
基礎代謝檢查/電解質: | |||
Na+ = 140 | Cl− = 100 | BUN = 20 | / Glu = 150 \ |
K+ = 4 | CO2 = 22 | PCr = 1.0 | |
動脈血氣: | |||
HCO3− = 24 | paCO2 = 40 | paO2 = 95 | pH = 7.40 |
肺泡氣: | |||
pACO2 = 36 | pAO2 = 105 | A-a g = 10 | |
其它: | |||
Ca = 9.5 | Mg2+ = 2.0 | PO4 = 1 | |
CK = 55 | BE = −0.36 | AG = 16 | |
血清滲透壓/腎: | |||
PMO = 300 | PCO = 295 | POG = 5 | BUN:Cr = 20 |
尿液分析: | |||
UNa+ = 80 | UCl− = 100 | UAG = 5 | FENa = 0.95 |
UK+ = 25 | USG = 1.01 | UCr = 60 | UO = 800 |
蛋白質/胃腸道/肝功能測試: | |||
LDH = 100 | TP = 7.6 | AST = 25 | TBIL = 0.7 |
ALP = 71 | Alb = 4.0 | ALT = 40 | BC = 0.5 |
AST/ALT = 0.6 | BU = 0.2 | ||
AF alb = 3.0 | SAAG = 1.0 | SOG = 60 | |
腦脊液: | |||
CSF alb = 30 | CSF glu = 60 | CSF/S alb = 7.5 | CSF/S glu = 0.6 |
臨床意義
[編輯]陰離子間隙實際上反映了血漿(或血清)中固定酸根(如硫酸鹽、磷酸鹽和乳酸鹽等)的含量,而實驗檢查通常並不直接測定這些固定酸根的含量。[6]由於陰離子間隙很容易從常規實驗室檢查結構中計算得到,因此經常被用作代謝性酸中毒,特別是高乳酸血症的篩查。[7]
血漿陰離子間隙的正常值約為10-14mmol/L[1],升高的陰離子間隙可用於判斷代謝性酸中毒是由於內源性或外源性酸的增加所致(是否為AG增高型代謝性酸中毒),如當硫酸鹽、磷酸鹽、乳酸鹽或水楊酸根產生增多或排出減少時,陰離子間隙增大。[6][1]陰離子間隙降低的情況可見於低白蛋白血症等UC增加或UA減少的情況。[1]
歷史
[編輯]Emmet和Narins最早於1977年使用陰離子間隙來解釋和診斷代謝性酸中毒的病因。[8][9]
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 肖獻忠. 病理生理学 4th. 高等教育出版社. 2018-11-30: 49. ISBN 978-7-04-050887-1.
- ^ Pandey, Devansh G.; Sharma, Sandeep. Biochemistry, Anion Gap. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2024. PMID 30969579.
There are three types: serum, plasma, and urine anion gaps.
- ^ Wiener, Sage W. Toxicologic Acid-Base Disorders. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 2014-02, 32 (1): 149–165. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2013.09.011.
- ^ Carroll, Robert G. Integration. Elsevier's Integrated Physiology. 2007: 209–214. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-04318-2.50023-6.
- ^ Gillham, Michael; Sidebotham, David. Acid-Base Disturbances. Cardiothoracic Critical Care. Elsevier. 2007: 461–469. ISBN 978-0-7506-7572-7. doi:10.1016/b978-075067572-7.50034-5 (英語).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Sue E. Huether MS, Kathryn L. McCance MS. Understanding Pathophysiology 7th. : 332. ISBN 978-0323639088.
- ^ Dinh, C H; Ng, R; Grandinetti, A; Joffe, A; Chow, D C. Correcting the anion gap for hypoalbuminaemia does not improve detection of hyperlactataemia. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2006-08-01, 23 (8). ISSN 1472-0205. PMC 2564167 . PMID 16858097. doi:10.1136/emj.2005.031898 (英語).
- ^ Emmett, Michael; Narins, Robert G. CLINICAL USE OF THE ANION GAP:. Medicine. 1977-01, 56 (1). ISSN 0025-7974. doi:10.1097/00005792-197756010-00002 (英語).
- ^ Chawla, Lakhmir S; Shih, Shirley; Davison, Danielle; Junker, Christopher; Seneff, Michael G. Anion gap, anion gap corrected for albumin, base deficit and unmeasured anions in critically ill patients: implications on the assessment of metabolic acidosis and the diagnosis of hyperlactatemia. BMC Emergency Medicine. 2008-12, 8 (1). ISSN 1471-227X. PMC 2644323 . PMID 19087326. doi:10.1186/1471-227X-8-18 (英語).