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國技

维基百科，自由的百科全书
國家象徵
事物
人物或拟人形象
非人生物

國技（National sport, national pastime, national game），又稱國民運動，或國球，是指一個國家特有或具有代表性的競技運動。然而國技的定義並不嚴密，既有公認概念上的國技（如美國的棒球），也有通過法律具體規定的（如加拿大就法定袋棍球和冰球為國技），也因此使得國技並不一定是該國最具人氣或強項的運動。除了加拿大之外，世界上通過法律確定國技的還有巴哈馬的帆船、孟加拉的卡巴迪、巴西的卡波耶拉、斯里蘭卡的排球等。

定義

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國技的定義並不十分嚴格，有在法律上具體規定的競技運動，享有官方認可的地位；[註 1] 也有在國家文化中有特殊意義，深受國民愛戴的競技運動。[註 2] 由國家文化發展而成的競技運動是成為國技的其中一項條件，但並不全然如此，某些源自外國的競技運動也有可能因為深受國民的愛戴，或者具有特殊的意義，成為公認的國技。一般只要符合以下兩項要點，都會被認定為是國技：

國家法令指定的競技運動，給予特殊的地位和待遇[註 1]
例如：加拿大的長曲棍球（夏季）和冰上曲棍球（冬季）
國家或民族文化中特有的競技運動，或者是有某種特殊意義的競技運動[註 2]
例如：日本的相撲、韓國的跆拳道、西班牙的鬥牛

除了上述兩項，某些廣泛普及的競技運動，雖然不是公認的國技，但已經深植入於國家的體育文化當中，成為深受全民歡迎的休閒活動，所以經常是被極力推廣的國家體育項目，例如：世界各地的足球、英聯邦國家的板球、美國的籃球和橄欖球、日本的棒球、馬來西亞和印尼的羽毛球等。

國技列表

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法定的國技

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國家 體育運動 始於
 阿根廷 帕托（英语：Pato） 1953年[1]
 巴哈马 史路普帆船 1993年[2]
 孟加拉国 卡巴迪 1972年[3]
 巴西 卡波耶拉 1972年[4]
 加拿大 長曲棍球（夏季運動）、冰上曲棍球（冬季運動） 1994年[5]
 智利 智利牛仔騎術（英语：Chilean rodeo） 1962年[6]
 哥伦比亚 特茹（英语：Tejo (sport)） 2000年[7]
 伊朗 伊朗傳統摔角 1976年[8]
 韩国 跆拳道 2018年[9]
 墨西哥 墨西哥牛仔競技（英语：Charrería） 1933年[10]
 菲律賓 卡里艾斯奎瑪武術（英语：Eskrima） 2009年[11]
 波多黎各 巴蘇馬術（英语：Paso Fino） 1966年[12]
 斯里蘭卡 排球 1991年[13]
 乌拉圭 高喬傳統競技 2006年[14]

公認的國技

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國家 體育運動
 阿富汗 布玆卡兹[15]
 安圭拉 競速帆艇（英语：Yacht racing）[16]
 安地卡及巴布達 板球[17]
 巴巴多斯 板球[18]
 百慕大 板球[19]
 不丹 不丹傳統箭術（英语：Archery in Bhutan）[20]
 中华人民共和国 乒乓球
 古巴 棒球[21][22][23]
 多米尼加 棒球[24]
 芬兰 芬蘭棒球[25]
 格瑞那達 板球[26]
 圭亚那 板球[27]
 印度 曲棍球[28][29][30]
 以色列 足球[31]
 爱尔兰 蓋爾式足球[32][33][34]
 牙买加 板球[35]
 日本 相撲/棒球[36]
 拉脫維亞 籃球（夏季運動）、冰上曲棍球（冬季運動）[37]
 立陶宛 籃球[38][39]
 马达加斯加 橄欖球[40][41]
 新西兰 橄欖球[42]
 挪威 越野滑雪[43][44]
 巴基斯坦 曲棍球[45]
 巴布亚新几内亚 聯盟式橄欖球[46][47]
 秘魯 Paleta Frontón[48]
 羅馬尼亞 Oină[49]
 俄羅斯 班迪球[50]
 苏格兰 高爾夫球[51]
 斯洛維尼亞 高山滑雪[52][52]
 中華民國 棒球[53]
 土耳其 摔角[54] & Cirit[55]
 特克斯和凯科斯群岛 板球[56]
 美国 棒球[57][58]
 威尔士 橄欖球[59]

另見

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註解

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 參見「法定的國技」。
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 參見「公認的國技」。

参考文献

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  1. ^ Argentina Decree Nº 17468 of 16 September 1953. Federación Argentina de Pato. [16 October 2012]. （原始内容存档于2018年12月26日）. 
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  3. ^ Banglapedia: Kabadi. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. [21 July 2008]. （原始内容存档于2008年11月22日）. Ha-du-du was given the name kabadi and the status of National Game in 1972. 
  4. ^ Lowell, John. Ring of Liberation: Deceptive Discourse in Brazilian Capoeira. University of Chicago Press. 1992: 61. ISBN 0-226-47683-9. 
  5. ^ National Sports of Canada Act S.C. 1994, c. 16 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Justice Laws Website, National Government of Canada
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  25. ^ About Finland: General information: Sports. Embassy of Finland, Washington. 11 June 2007 [21 July 2008]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-26）. the national sport, “pesäpallo” 
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检索自“https://wiki.gdrain.workers.dev/w/index.php?title=國技&oldid=84259336”