股节弦音器官
本條目存在以下問題,請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。
|
股节弦音器官是一组位于昆虫腿部的机械感觉神经元(图 1)。它的主要功能是检测股节/胫节关节的运动和位置。 [1]该器官是一种本体感受器(proprioceptor)。它把股节/胫节处关节运动和位置的相关信息传递到腹侧神经索(ventral nerve cord, VNC)和大脑,从而在对腿部位置和运动的控制中起到了至关重要的作用[2] [3] [4] [5]。
解剖结构
[编辑]股节弦音器官神经元的细胞体通常位于股节近端(靠近身体的一端) [1] 。它们的树突通过不同类型的肌腱连接到胫节外骨骼上。 [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]在模式生物果蝇中,科学家可以通过轴突在腹神经索中的形态来辨别不同类型的股节弦音器官神经元,并且可以通过基因学的方法来特异性地标记这些神经元。在果蝇中,这些神经元可以被分为三种亚型(图2)[11] :棒状神经元(club)的轴突投射到腹神经索的中心,并且形成形似球棒的神经束;爪状神经元(claw)的轴突在腹神经索中分叉成三个形状像鸟爪的分支;钩状神经元(hook)的轴突形状像弯钩。
感官编码
[编辑]股节弦音器官神经元编码股节/胫节处关节的各种运动学特征,包括位置、速度、加速度和振动。 [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]这些不同的运动学特征是由上述提到的解剖学上不同的神经元亚型编码的[11] (图2)。胫节的位置由爪状神经元编码,振动由棒状神经元编码,运动方向由钩状神经元编码。 [11]
功能
[编辑]一般认为股节弦音器官参与腿部运动的精确控制。通过研究竹节虫和蝗虫的股节弦音器官,人们发现该器官在昆虫行走 [2]和抓取物体[3]的过程中起到重要作用。
股节弦音器官通过介导反射行为来控制腿部运动 (图3)。在昆虫处于静止状态时,该反射会在肢体被外力移动时起作用,从而产生与外力相反的力,阻止肢体受外力影响而移动。在昆虫处于运动状态时,该反射会发生逆转,不再阻止肢体的运动,反而会促进肢体的周期性屈曲与伸展 [19] [20]。
参考
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Field, Laurence H.; Matheson, Thomas, Evans, P. D. , 编, Chordotonal Organs of Insects, Advances in Insect Physiology 27, Academic Press: 1–228, 1998-01-01 [2022-02-03], ISBN 9780120242276, doi:10.1016/s0065-2806(08)60013-2 (英语)
- ^ 2.0 2.1 BÄSSLER, ULRICH. Functional Principles of Pattern Generation for Walking Movements of Stick Insect Forelegs: The Role of the Femoral Chordotonal Organ Afferences. Journal of Experimental Biology. 1988-05-01, 136 (1): 125–147. ISSN 0022-0949. doi:10.1242/jeb.136.1.125 .
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Page, Keri L.; Matheson, Thomas. Functional Recovery of Aimed Scratching Movements after a Graded Proprioceptive Manipulation. Journal of Neuroscience. 2009-03-25, 29 (12): 3897–3907 [2023-10-03]. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6665037 . PMID 19321786. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0089-09.2009. (原始内容存档于2023-09-29) (英语).
- ^ FIELD, L.H.; BURROWS, M. Reflex Effects of the Femoral Chordotonal Organ Upon Leg Motor Neurones of the Locust. Journal of Experimental Biology. 1982-12-01, 101 (1): 265–285. ISSN 0022-0949. doi:10.1242/jeb.101.1.265 .
- ^ Mendes, César S; Bartos, Imre; Akay, Turgay; Márka, Szabolcs; Mann, Richard S. Calabrese, Ron , 编. Quantification of gait parameters in freely walking wild type and sensory deprived Drosophila melanogaster. eLife. 2013-01-08, 2: e00231. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 3545443 . PMID 23326642. doi:10.7554/eLife.00231.
- ^ Shanbhag, Shubha R.; Singh, Kusum; Naresh Singh, R. Ultrastructure of the femoral chordotonal organs and their novel synaptic organization in the legs of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera : Drosophilidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology. 1992-10-01, 21 (4): 311–322. ISSN 0020-7322. doi:10.1016/0020-7322(92)90026-J (英语).
- ^ Field, Laurence H. Mechanism for range fractionation in chordotonal organs of Locusta migratoria (L) and Valanga sp. (Orthoptera : Acrididae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology. February 1991, 20 (1–2): 25–39 [2023-10-03]. doi:10.1016/0020-7322(91)90025-5. (原始内容存档于2023-11-15) (英语).
- ^ SHELTON, P. M.J.; STEPHEN, R. O.; SCOTT, J. J.A.; TINDALL, A. R. The Apodeme Complex of the Femoral Chordotonal Organ in the Metathoracic Leg of the Locust Schistocerca Gregaria. Journal of Experimental Biology. 1992-02-01, 163 (1): 345–358. ISSN 0022-0949. doi:10.1242/jeb.163.1.345.
- ^ Nowel, M; Shelton, P; Stephen, R. Functional organisation of the metathoracic femoral chordotonal organ in the cricket Acheta domesticus. Journal of Experimental Biology. 1995-09-01, 198 (9): 1977–1988 [2023-10-03]. ISSN 1477-9145. PMID 9319888. doi:10.1242/jeb.198.9.1977. (原始内容存档于2023-10-03) (英语).
- ^ Theophilidis, G. The femoral chordotonal organs of Decticus albifrons (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)—I. Structure. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology. 1986-01-01, 84 (3): 529–536. ISSN 0300-9629. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(86)90361-0 (英语).
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Mamiya, Akira; Gurung, Pralaksha; Tuthill, John C. Neural Coding of Leg Proprioception in Drosophila. Neuron. 2018-11-07, 100 (3): 636–650.e6. ISSN 0896-6273. PMC 6481666 . PMID 30293823. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.009 (English).
- ^ Field, L. H.; Pflüger, H. -J. The femoral chordotonal organ: A bifunctional orthopteran (Locusta migratoria) sense organ?. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology. 1989-01-01, 93 (4): 729–743. ISSN 0300-9629. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(89)90494-5 (英语).
- ^ Hofmann, T.; Koch, U. T.; Bässler, U. Physiology of the Femoral Chordotonal Organ in the Stick Insect, Cuniculina Impigra. Journal of Experimental Biology. 1985-01-01, 114 (1): 207–223. ISSN 0022-0949. doi:10.1242/jeb.114.1.207 .
- ^ Kondoh, Y.; Okuma, J.; Newland, P. L. Dynamics of neurons controlling movements of a locust hind leg: Wiener kernel analysis of the responses of proprioceptive afferents. Journal of Neurophysiology. 1995-05-01, 73 (5): 1829–1842 [2023-10-03]. ISSN 0022-3077. PMID 7623084. doi:10.1152/jn.1995.73.5.1829. (原始内容存档于2022-08-02).
- ^ Matheson, Thomas. Responses and locations of neurones in the locust metathoracic femoral chordotonal organ. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 1990-04-01, 166 (6): 915–927. ISSN 1432-1351. S2CID 10011457. doi:10.1007/BF00187338 (英语).
- ^ Matheson, Thomas. Range fractionation in the locust metathoracic femoral chordotonal organ. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 1992-04-01, 170 (4): 509–520. ISSN 1432-1351. S2CID 26197182. doi:10.1007/BF00191466 (英语).
- ^ Stein, W.; Sauer, A. E. Physiology of vibration-sensitive afferents in the femoral chordotonal organ of the stick insect. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 1999-04-01, 184 (3): 253–263. ISSN 1432-1351. S2CID 28570721. doi:10.1007/s003590050323 (英语).
- ^ Zill, S. N. Plasticity and proprioception in insects. I. Responses and cellular properties of individual receptors of the locust metathoracic femoral chordotonal organ. Journal of Experimental Biology. 1985-05-01, 116 (1): 435–461. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 4056657. doi:10.1242/jeb.116.1.435.
- ^ Bässler, U. Reversal of a reflex to a single motoneuron in the stick insect Çarausius morosus. Biological Cybernetics. 1976-03-01, 24 (1): 47–49. ISSN 0340-1200. S2CID 12007820. doi:10.1007/bf00365594.
- ^ Zill, S. N. Plasticity and proprioception in insects. II. Modes of reflex action of the locust metathoracic femoral chordotonal organ. Journal of Experimental Biology. 1985-05-01, 116 (1): 463–480. ISSN 1477-9145. PMID 4056658. doi:10.1242/jeb.116.1.463 .