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User:IvesC/切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河國家歷史公園

坐标：38°53′59″N 77°03′28″W / 38.89972°N 77.05778°W / 38.89972; -77.05778
维基百科，自由的百科全书
切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河國家歷史公園
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park
IUCN分类V（陆地和海洋景观保护区）
切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河國家歷史公園位置图
切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河國家歷史公園位置图
位於華盛頓哥倫比亞特區的訪客中心位置
切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河國家歷史公園位置图
切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河國家歷史公園位置图
切薩皮克和俄亥俄運河國家歷史公園 (美国)
位置從美國馬里蘭州的坎伯蘭延伸至華盛頓哥倫比亞特區
最近城市華盛頓哥倫比亞特區、坎伯蘭 (馬里蘭州)、不倫瑞克 (馬里蘭州)、威廉斯波特 (馬里蘭州)、漢考克 (馬里蘭州)
坐标38°53′59″N 77°03′28″W / 38.89972°N 77.05778°W / 38.89972; -77.05778
面积19,586英畝（79.26平方公里）
建立September 23, 1938
访客量3,937,504 （2011）[1]
管理机构美國國家公園管理局
网站Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park

切萨皮克和俄亥俄运河国家历史公园位于華盛頓特区和马里兰州。艾森豪（英語：Dwight Eisenhower）總統爲了保留被忽視的切萨皮克和俄亥俄运河殘存遺蹟，於1961年建立了一個國家紀念區。运河和縴路（英语：Towpath）沿着波托马克河从华盛顿特区乔治敦延伸至马里兰州坎伯兰郡，總長184.5英里（296.9公里） 。 2013年，这条路被指定为美國第50號自行車道（英语：U.S. Bicycle Route 50）的第一部分。[2] [3]

切萨皮克和俄亥俄运河

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運河的終點總站，坎伯兰盆地，攝於2013年。与运河运营期间相比，该地区已经发生了巨大变化，幾乎無法看出當年的樣子。
主条目：切萨皮克和俄亥俄运河

切萨皮克和俄亥俄运河（也称为“大舊渠”（英語：the Grand Old Ditch）或“ C&O运河”（英語：C&O Canal））的建设始于1828年，直到1850年运河建到坎伯兰时才结束。[4] :1 工程停止時，其實仍距離原本設想的目的地匹兹堡很遙遠。在停工之後，人們有时候仍會討論繼續延長這個目前長達184.5英里的運河。例如，1874年提出的一条建议，打算挖一條8.4英里（13.5公里）的隧道穿越亞利加尼山脈，[5] 再藉由另一條隧道接上賓夕法尼亞運河（英语：Pennsylvania Canal）。[6]即使巴尔的摩和俄亥俄铁路公司（B&O）比運河還要早8年就通車道坎伯蘭，但运河并没有完全作廢。一直到1870年代中期，较大的火車頭以及空氣煞車被采用後，铁路運送费用比运河還低，運河的命運才被堵死。[7]

C&O运河于1831年至1924年运营，主要用于将煤炭从亞利加尼山脈運至華盛頓特區。[8] :6 运河于1924年关闭，部分原因是几次严重的洪灾摧毀了运河的财务状况。 [9]

联邦政府购买运河

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1939年施工修复运河的第16號船閘

1938年，B&O鐵路公司將運河交與美國政府，以換取一筆聯邦復興金融公司的貸款。[10] 政府计划将其修復作爲休閒遊憩區，以及當作大萧条时期失业者的就业计划。到1940年，平民保育團的非裔參與者修復了最初的22英里（35公里），約从喬治城到維奧萊特斯船閘（第23號船閘），並且重新引水進入此段運河使其回到可以運作的狀態。[11] 1941年，第一艘運河快船開始營運，其動力爲驢子在岸上拉動牽引。[12] 1960年代，約翰·昆西·亞當斯號（英語：John Quincy Adams）取代了運河快船。

當美國參戰二戰時，修復計劃被暫停，以將資源挪作他用。1941年，哈里·阿西（英語：Harry Athey）向总统富兰克林·罗斯福（英語：Franklin Roosevelt）建议，该运河可以改建为地下高速公路或防空洞，其屋顶可用于飞机起降。由于洪水經常發生，整个想法被认为是不切实际的。[13] 1942年，春汛摧毀了重新注水的運河區段。美國國家公園管理局（NPS）官员亞瑟·德瑪瑞（英语：Arthur E. Demaray）（英語：Arthur E. Demaray）敦促恢复從1号水坝開始的运河，以便在正常水渠被敵後破壞火轟炸摧毀時，为達勒卡里亞水庫（英语：Dalecarlia Reservoir）供水。由于這項使运河变成了国家安全问题，1942年，戰時生产委员会批准了这项計劃。[14] 到1943年，国会已为这项工作提供了资金，维修已完成，而公园服务处则于1943年10月恢复了乘船游览。[15]

国会對將运河和縴路发展为公園大道的想法表達了兴趣。由于从1920年代到1940年代的洪水，陆军工兵团提议修建14座水坝，这些水坝将永久淹没74英里的縴路，以及莫諾克西（英语：Monocacy Aqueduct）和安提坦（英语：Aqueducts on the C&O Canal#Antietam Creek Aqueduct）引水道。[16] 1945年左右，工兵團团想要拆除8号水坝，并在坎伯兰地区设置堤防。拆除8號水壩将使得對5号水坝以上运河段重新补水的希望破滅。國家公園管理局配合了工兵團团來完成前述的計劃，因为讓通往坎伯兰的運河整段都保持營運狀態过于昂贵，且希望保留运河的西部地区。[17]

建立国家公园

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公园地图

道格拉斯的徒步旅行

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一些人反对将运河翻到汽车上的想法，包括美国最高法院大法官威廉·道格拉斯（英語：William O. Douglas） 。 1954年3月，道格拉斯带隊，从坎伯兰走縴路徒步旅行至華盛頓，为期八天。[10] 尽管總參加人數有58人，但只有9人（包括道格拉斯和奧勞斯·穆里（英语：Olaus Murie））走完全程共184.5英里（297公里） 。这次旅行之后，道格拉斯大法官成立了一个委员会起草保留和保护运河的计划。該委員會后来在1957年成为C&O运河协会。[18] 作为该小组的主席，他对公园的承诺被認爲是成功的。

縴路

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1958年，整条道路被清理以供徒步旅行之用，并从华盛顿特区喬治城區域第34街的驢子桥（英語：Mule Bridge）[註釋 1] 到马里兰州沃德沃特（英語：Widewater）[註釋 2] 12英里的縴路建立自行车道。[19] 自行车道于1958年11月22日开放，道路爲是泥濘的縴路上鋪上碎藍石而成。[20] 到1960年，運河縴路已全程通行自行車。[21]

国家纪念區以及国家公园

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1961年，艾森豪（英語：Dwight Eisenhower）总统根据《古蹟保存法（英语：Antiquities Act）》将运河定为国家紀念區，但这更加強了反对派要将运河立为国家公园的想法。另有一些人支持將波托马克河立为国家河流（英語：national river）。[22] 在十年左右的時間，政治氣氛发生了变化，国家河流這個想法的支持度不足，於是将运河变成历史公园的想法几乎没有受到反对。切萨皮克和俄亥俄运河国家历史公园法案[23]确立了運河的国家历史公园定位，总统理查德·尼克松于1971年1月8日将其签署为法律。 [24]

1996年洪水

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1996年夏季洪水前與後

1996年的冬季和夏季，各发生了一次洪水。一月份的暴风雪过后，接著大雨及積雪融化，造成了洪水和径流。这场重大的冬季洪水覆蓋了80％至90％的运河和縴路，運河与相邻的波托马克河出現成了高水位。洪水造成的侵蚀导致縴路以及运河和公园的大部分基础设施受到严重破坏。冬季洪水过后，迫切地需要志愿者来處理洪水造成的破坏。不幸的是，在9月，弗蘭颶風（英语：Hurricane Fran）对运河許多部分造成了更大的破坏，需要工作人員和志愿者復原甚至重建縴路及给运河重新浇水。这些重大项目需要大量时间和金钱才能完成。[25]

恢复工作

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如今，一些组织致力于保护和恢复公园的美丽和历史。 C&O运河信托[26]成立于2007年，是国家公园管理局的官方非营利合作伙伴。 C&O运河协会[27]是一个全志愿者组织，成立于1954年，其忠旨在保护C&O运河和波托马克河盆地的自然及历史环境。他们共同在运河基础设施的修复工作中取得了进展。他們修复縴路，並重新對运河注水，使其能漂亮地面對游客和野生动植物，并在遊客中心通过互动方式向大衆介绍了运河的丰富历史。沿着運河共有六個由國家公園管理局管理的遊客中心：喬治城、大瀑布 (波托馬克河)（英语：Great Falls (Potomac River)）、不倫瑞克 (馬里蘭)（英语：Brunswick, Maryland）、威廉斯波特、汉考克、以及坎伯兰。[28]

当前的修复和建设工作包括对卡諾卡其克（英语：Conococheague Creek）引水道进行修复和补水[29]、復原3号和4号船閘[30]、修復大瀑布（20号）和斯溫（21号）船閘。[31] 2019年5月30日開始第二階段工程，針對波波隧道。[32]

圖片集

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从華盛頓特區喬治城，往上游走至马里兰坎伯兰，共184.5英里（296.9公里）。

  • 運河起點的里程碑（0英里）。背景爲堰的殘骸。
    運河起點的里程碑（0英里）。背景爲堰的殘骸。
  • The Rock Creek Basin, just before the Tidewater Lock
    The Rock Creek Basin, just before the Tidewater Lock
  • Remains for a Mill Water Intake on the 4 mile level (Georgetown) just below Key Bridge. The canal sold water to several mills.
    Remains for a Mill Water Intake on the 4 mile level (Georgetown) just below Key Bridge. The canal sold water to several mills.
  • Remains of stop gate at 2.18 miles on 4 mile level. Only visible when canal is drained
    Remains of stop gate at 2.18 miles on 4 mile level. Only visible when canal is drained
  • The NPS built this spillway (also on the 4 mile level) in 1936.[33] Note the Chain Bridge in background
    The NPS built this spillway (also on the 4 mile level) in 1936.[33] Note the Chain Bridge in background
  • Historic mile marker 4, just after second spillway
    Historic mile marker 4, just after second spillway
  • Hydroelectric plant on 4 mile level of Georgetown
    Hydroelectric plant on 4 mile level of Georgetown
  • George Washington's Patowmack Canal, used as a feeder, goes to the left, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal goes to the right.
    George Washington's Patowmack Canal, used as a feeder, goes to the left, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal goes to the right.
  • Lock 6. Groundbreaking was near this spot
    Lock 6. Groundbreaking was near this spot
  • Historic mile marker 9, by Lock 11 (Seven Locks area).
    Historic mile marker 9, by Lock 11 (Seven Locks area).
  • This spot here was called the "Log Wall": builders put a log wall here, filled with rubble, to make the canal. Hurricane Agnes washed it out completely in 1972, and the NPS erected this retaining wall without logs.
    This spot here was called the "Log Wall": builders put a log wall here, filled with rubble, to make the canal. Hurricane Agnes washed it out completely in 1972, and the NPS erected this retaining wall without logs.
  • Kayak lessons at Widewater (near Anglers Inn, below Lock 15).
    Kayak lessons at Widewater (near Anglers Inn, below Lock 15).
  • Widewater in winter
    Widewater in winter
  • Lock 15 at the end of Widewater
    Lock 15 at the end of Widewater
  • Cliff face at the Billy Goat Trail in Maryland
    Cliff face at the Billy Goat Trail in Maryland
  • Great Falls Tavern on the C&O canal in Potomac, Maryland
    Great Falls Tavern on the C&O canal in Potomac, Maryland
  • Canal Clipper boat (since retired) at Lock 20
    Canal Clipper boat (since retired) at Lock 20
  • Snubbing Charles F. Mercer at Lock 20.
    Snubbing Charles F. Mercer at Lock 20.
  • Canal at Swain's Lock (Lock 21)
    Canal at Swain's Lock (Lock 21)
  • Mile marker 17, with stump of broken historic mile marker on left
    Mile marker 17, with stump of broken historic mile marker on left
  • Mile marker 22, just before Violette's Lock and the Seneca Feeder
    Mile marker 22, just before Violette's Lock and the Seneca Feeder
  • Horsepen Branch Hiker/Biker campsite.
    Horsepen Branch Hiker/Biker campsite.
  • Chisel Branch Hiker/Biker campsite sign.
    Chisel Branch Hiker/Biker campsite sign.
  • Turtle Run Hiker/Biker campsite, below White's Ferry
    Turtle Run Hiker/Biker campsite, below White's Ferry
  • Canal prism by White's Ferry. Note ruins of abandoned grainery on left.
    Canal prism by White's Ferry. Note ruins of abandoned grainery on left.
  • A typical hiker/biker campsite along the Canal. This one is the Marble Quarry Campsite, near mile 38, below Lock 26.
    A typical hiker/biker campsite along the Canal. This one is the Marble Quarry Campsite, near mile 38, below Lock 26.
  • Ruins of an abandoned granary, below the Monocacy Aqueduct
    Ruins of an abandoned granary, below the Monocacy Aqueduct
  • Indian Flats Hiker/Biker campsite, just above the Monocacy Aqueduct
    Indian Flats Hiker/Biker campsite, just above the Monocacy Aqueduct
  • Lock 28 near Point of Rocks, Maryland
    Lock 28 near Point of Rocks, Maryland
  • Lock 33 near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
    Lock 33 near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
  • The Patowmack Canal's House Falls canal here was reused for the C&O.
    The Patowmack Canal's House Falls canal here was reused for the C&O.
  • Mowing the grass along the canal, near Guard Lock 3
    Mowing the grass along the canal, near Guard Lock 3
  • Big Slackwater. Here the boats navigated in the slackwater behind Dam 4, hence there is only a towpath. It was repaired and reopened in 2012.
    Big Slackwater. Here the boats navigated in the slackwater behind Dam 4, hence there is only a towpath. It was repaired and reopened in 2012.
  • McMahon's mill, along Big Slackwater
    McMahon's mill, along Big Slackwater
  • More Big Slackwater, above McMahon's Mill.
    More Big Slackwater, above McMahon's Mill.
  • Lift bridge (abandoned) for Railroad crossing canal.
    Lift bridge (abandoned) for Railroad crossing canal.
  • Cushwa Basin and Visitor Center at Williamsport, Maryland
    Cushwa Basin and Visitor Center at Williamsport, Maryland
  • Conococheague Creek Aqueduct in Williamsport, Maryland
    Conococheague Creek Aqueduct in Williamsport, Maryland
  • Dam 5, which makes Little Slackwater.
    Dam 5, which makes Little Slackwater.
  • Little Slackwater, above Dam 5. This is one of the most dangerous areas for cyclists, with only a narrow towpath, no guardrail, and a long drop to the river below.
    Little Slackwater, above Dam 5. This is one of the most dangerous areas for cyclists, with only a narrow towpath, no guardrail, and a long drop to the river below.
  • Lock 49 at Four Locks.
    Lock 49 at Four Locks.
  • Lockkeeper's shanty, to look out for boats. Lock 50, with Locks 49 and 48 in the background. This is at the Four Locks area.
    Lockkeeper's shanty, to look out for boats. Lock 50, with Locks 49 and 48 in the background. This is at the Four Locks area.
  • Big Pool on the 14 mile level.
    Big Pool on the 14 mile level.
  • Park Service maintenance area for the Allegheny Division/Four Locks Subdivision of the Canal
    Park Service maintenance area for the Allegheny Division/Four Locks Subdivision of the Canal
  • Tonoloway Creek Aqueduct
    Tonoloway Creek Aqueduct
  • The canal at Hancock, Maryland
    The canal at Hancock, Maryland
  • Paw Paw Tunnel near Paw Paw, West Virginia
    Paw Paw Tunnel near Paw Paw, West Virginia
  • Division superintendent's house, about half a mile (0.8 km) above Paw Paw Tunnel
    Division superintendent's house, about half a mile (0.8 km) above Paw Paw Tunnel
  • Maryland Route 51 crosses the canal about 0.6英里（0.97公里） above the tunnel, on the 8 mile level.
    Maryland Route 51 crosses the canal about 0.6英里（0.97公里） above the tunnel, on the 8 mile level.
  • Town Creek Aqueduct in Allegany County, Maryland
    Town Creek Aqueduct in Allegany County, Maryland
  • Lock 69 pool at Oldtown, Maryland
    Lock 69 pool at Oldtown, Maryland
  • Lock 70 at Oldtown, Maryland
    Lock 70 at Oldtown, Maryland
  • Looking downstream at Spring Gap; canal towpath and prism to the left, and Spring Gap campground to the right.
    Looking downstream at Spring Gap; canal towpath and prism to the left, and Spring Gap campground to the right.
  • Dilapidated canal prism at Spring Gap (to the left of the previous photo)
    Dilapidated canal prism at Spring Gap (to the left of the previous photo)
  • Lock 74, with Lock 73 in background.
    Lock 74, with Lock 73 in background.
  • Lock 75, the last lock on the Canal before Cumberland.
    Lock 75, the last lock on the Canal before Cumberland.
  • Looking upstream from Lock 75. From here the boaters would hitch all the mules and "make a break for Cumberland".
    Looking upstream from Lock 75. From here the boaters would hitch all the mules and "make a break for Cumberland".
  • Canal just above Lock 75 on 9 mile level at mile marker 176.
    Canal just above Lock 75 on 9 mile level at mile marker 176.
  • One of the various culverts (No. 239) on the 9 mile level.
    One of the various culverts (No. 239) on the 9 mile level.
  • Canal around mile marker 184, looking downstream. Potomac River is on the right side.
    Canal around mile marker 184, looking downstream. Potomac River is on the right side.
  • Evitts Creek Aqueduct, the final aqueduct on the C&O Canal.
    Evitts Creek Aqueduct, the final aqueduct on the C&O Canal.
  • The basin at Cumberland, looking downstream towards Georgetown, 184.5英里（296.9公里） away.
    The basin at Cumberland, looking downstream towards Georgetown, 184.5英里（296.9公里） away.
  • Looking at the end of the canal. Guard Lock 8 is on the left side at the end. Highway bridge in background is I-68.
    Looking at the end of the canal. Guard Lock 8 is on the left side at the end. Highway bridge in background is I-68.
  • Looking at Guard Lock 8 today. Red brick building behind highway is the Canal Place museum and the Western Maryland Railroad Station.
    Looking at Guard Lock 8 today. Red brick building behind highway is the Canal Place museum and the Western Maryland Railroad Station.
  • Guard Lock 8, which was actually two locks. Downstream lock is filled in. Upstream lock has a water pump to supply water to the basin.
    Guard Lock 8, which was actually two locks. Downstream lock is filled in. Upstream lock has a water pump to supply water to the basin.
  • Mile marker 184.5 at end of canal, with Guard Lock 8 in the background.
    Mile marker 184.5 at end of canal, with Guard Lock 8 in the background.

參見

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参考資料

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[[Category:1938年華盛頓哥倫比亞特區建立]] [[Category:美國長途步道]] [[Category:美國國家歷史公園]] [[Category:维基数据存在坐标数据的页面]] [[Category:IUCN分类V]]

  1. ^ National Park Service Visitor Use Statistics. National Park Service. [October 5, 2012]. 
  2. ^ Vitale, Marty. Meeting Minutes for October 17, 2013, and Report to SCOH October 18, 2013 (Addendum October 28, 2013) (PDF). Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. October 28, 2013 [June 9, 2014]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-05-05）. 
  3. ^ New U.S. Bicycle Routes Approved in Maryland and Tennessee. adventurecycling.org. Adventure Cycling Association. 2013-11-05 [2013-11-05]. 
  4. ^ Mackintosh, Barry. C&O Canal: The Making of A Park. Washington, DC: National Park Service, Department of the Interior. 1991. 
  5. ^ Hahn, Pathway. 257
  6. ^ Davies, William E. The Geology and Engineering Structures of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal: An Engineering Geologist's Descriptions and Drawings (PDF). Glen Echo, Md.: C&O Canal Association. 1999 [2014-07-21]. 
  7. ^ Davies, p. ix
  8. ^ Hahn, Thomas. The Chesapeake & Ohio Canal: Pathway to the Nation's Capital. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. 1984. ISBN 0-8108-1732-2. 
  9. ^ National Park Service. Canal Operations. Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historic Park. Nps.gov. [2010-05-11]. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Lynch, John A. Justice Douglas, the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, and Maryland Legal History. University of Baltimore Law Forum: 104–125. 
  11. ^ Shaffer p. 71
  12. ^ CHAPTER TEN: USING THE PARK. （原始内容存档于2013-06-21）. 
  13. ^ Shaffer, p. 70
  14. ^ Shaffer p. 73
  15. ^ Shaffer p. 76
  16. ^ Shaffer p. 78
  17. ^ Shaffer p. 79
  18. ^ Associate Justice William O.Douglas. National Park Service. [29 March 2014]. 
  19. ^ Canal's Path Cleared for Full Length. The Washington Post. 6 September 1958. 
  20. ^ Carper, Elsie. Group of 40 Cyclists Pioneers New 12-Mi. C&O Canal Path. The Washington Post. 23 November 1958. 
  21. ^ Jordan, Jane. Bike Club to Take 180-Mile Spin. The Washington Post. 20 March 1960. 
  22. ^ The Battle to Save the Canal, Part V (from December 2011 Along The Towpath) (PDF). Candocanal.org. [27 November 2014]. 
  23. ^ Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park Act, 美國聯邦公法第91–664號
  24. ^ 16 USC Chapter 1, Subchapter LVI: Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park. Office of Law Revision Council. [29 March 2014]. 
  25. ^ Teams Assess C&O Canal Damage On the Potomac: Last Weekend's Floods Washed out Sections of the Historic Park's Towpath and Walkways. Many Areas Will Be Closed Indefinitely. The Baltimore Sun. [17 March 2014]. 
  26. ^ The C&O Canal Trust: About Us. C&O Canal Trust. [29 March 2014]. 
  27. ^ About the C&O Canal Association. C&O Canal Association. [5 July 2014]. 
  28. ^ Plan Your Visit. NPS. [28 March 2014]. 
  29. ^ https://www.nps.gov/choh/planyourvisit/conococheague-groundbreaking.htm
  30. ^ Construction Updates - Georgetown - Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service). www.nps.gov. 
  31. ^ Repair Watered Structures Project - Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service). 
  32. ^ Paw Paw Tunnel Scaling Project - Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service). 
  33. ^ Hahn, Thomas F. Swiftwater. Towpath Guide to the C&O Canal: Georgetown Tidelock to Cumberland, Revised Combined Edition. Shepherdstown, WV: American Canal and Transportation Center. 1993. ISBN 0-933788-66-5. 


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