洞口之战

洞口之战
	三国战争的一部分
日期	222年10月 – 223年1月
地点	洞口（今江苏溧阳长江沿岸）
结果	孙吴获胜，总体僵持，曹魏撤退
参战方
曹魏	孙吴
指挥官与领导者
曹休	吕范

洞口之战是222年10月至223年1月发生在曹魏和孙吴之间的一场水上战役。孙吴最终赢得这场战役胜利。

背景

蜀帝刘备在夷陵之战被孙权的部队击败后，自麦城之战以来有所缓和的曹魏和孙吴关系又有所恶化。^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

曹魏皇帝曹丕要求孙权派长子孙登前往曹魏首都洛阳作为人质。然而孙权拒绝了这个要求，后来孙权又向曹丕道歉，声称他的儿子还很小，健康状况不佳，无法出门在外。^[6]但曹丕依然要求孙登作为人质，这一要求被孙权再次拒绝了。

两国之间的外交关系持续恶化，最后曹丕决定进攻孙权。孙权派使节前往曹魏谈判，希望能维持和平，但曹魏拒绝。不久，孙权在222年11月宣布使用自己的年号黄武，不再使用曹魏的年号黄初。^[7]

战争

部署

222年10月下旬，曹丕下令曹休、张辽、镇东将军臧霸、豫州刺史贾逵率各州郡二十余军的兵力沿资江而下进军历阳洞浦，攻击洞口县；曹仁进攻濡须；曹真、夏侯尚、张郃和徐晃围攻南郡。^[8]作为回应，孙权让吕范指挥徐盛、偏将军全琮、孙韶等人率领五军的兵力抗击曹休，迁吕范为前将军；派遣诸葛瑾、潘璋和杨粲前去以解除曹魏对由朱然守卫的南郡的围困，而朱桓则去濡须防守以应对曹仁的进攻。^[9]

曹魏进攻

最初，曹魏军很快就穿透孙吴防线。此外，吕范的部队遭到暴风雨袭击，造成了严重损失，尽管曹休也因暴风雨而受阻。^[10]吕范有的军队被吹到敌岸之上，曹休、张辽、臧霸、兖州刺史王凌等乘机进攻，吕范军战死及溺死者有数千人。吕范与曹休们交战的时候，孙权的弟弟定武中郎将孙仁违反军令私自把吕范的军需物资烧毁了，因此吕范无法重整军力，于是引军退守江南，把孙仁交给孙权处置。孙权听到张辽也参与进攻，顿时感到害怕，孙权对他的下属说：“虽然张辽已经生病，但他仍然是一个不容小觑的敌人。大家要小心！”后来张辽和其他曹魏将军击败了吕范。^[11]此后曹休、张辽和臧霸在洞口与吕范、徐盛、全琮和孙韶等人对峙。^[12]张辽在江都病逝。

223年初，曹休命令臧霸以轻船五百、敢死之士万人进攻徐陵郡，烧攻城车，杀获数千人，吴将贺齐最后到达战场支援，所以没有遭到任何损失，吴军残余军力依赖贺齐这支军力才得以维持战线，曹休等人对贺齐的军备仪容非常忌惮。曹休命臧霸追击敌人，徐盛和全琮收拾残兵众部，召集余下的士兵进行反击，臧霸遭到反击受到大败，其麾下的青徐州将军尹礼被全琮与徐盛枭首，同时被杀获几百人。

曹魏撤退

由于孙吴增援部队到达，吕范、徐盛和孙韶阻止了曹魏的进一步进攻，且曹魏也无法突破南郡。最终，洞口的曹休以及曹魏军被击退，并撤回到了曹魏都城洛阳。

后果

洞口之战曹魏失利后，孙权趁机于223年夏天发动反击，成功占领了蕲春。孙权成功抵挡魏国侵略，与曹魏彻底决裂，并最终于229年称帝。

而孙仁因在洞口之战中的作战失误，被开除出孙氏宗族，并更名为丁朗，且不再允许他带兵。

王凌因功封宜城亭侯，加建武将军。

参战人员

曹魏

征东大将军曹休
- 军师赵俨
前将军张辽
镇东将军臧霸
† 尹礼
兖州刺史王凌

孙吴

前将军吕范
安东将军贺齐
建武将军徐盛
扬威将军孙韶
偏将军全琮
孙朗
参军校尉吾粲
黄渊

三国演义

在三国演义中，曹魏将军张辽在保卫曹丕免受孙吴将军丁奉袭击而被丁奉射中腰部。战斗结束后不久，张辽就因箭伤而死。曹丕为张辽举行了隆重的葬礼。^[13]洞口之战的过程也被略写为“曹休被吕范杀败”。

史实

222年，即使张辽生病了，他仍参加了洞口之战。当孙权听说张辽也参战时，警告他的手下要小心。张辽和其他曹魏将领曾击败了孙吴将领吕范。但是，张辽的病情逐渐恶化了，并于当年晚些时候在江都去世。^[14]

流行文化

在Koei的真·三国无双系列的真·三国无双6中涉及洞口之战。洞口之战是孙吴故事模式的最后一个阶段，当玩家使用孙权的时候张辽会被孙权杀死。

参考文献

^ (秋九月，魏乃命曹休、张辽、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡须，曹真、夏侯尚、张郃、徐晃围南郡。 ... 冬十一月，大风。吕范等兵溺死者数千，余军还江南。曹休使臧霸以轻船五百、敢死万人袭攻徐陵，烧攻城车，杀略数千人。)《三国志》卷四十七
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. With the full defeat of Liu Bei in the late summer and early autumn of 222, Sun Quan had obtained all possible benefit from his formal submission to Cao Pi and the empire of Wei, and he wasted very little time in breaking that connection.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. It had never been popular with his officers.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. , and even at the time of his enfeoffment as King of Wu there had been those who argued against accepting such a rank from the usurping Emperor, and who suggested that Sun Quan should take some independent title as Lord of Nine Provinces, claiming hegemony in support of Han. This was, as we have discussed, quite inappropriate and impractical in the circumstances, and the submission to Cao Pi was an essential preparation for dealing with Liu Bei.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. On the other hand, the alliance with the north was always a matter of expediency, and there seems no probability that Sun Quan intended it to last any longer than it needed.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. Sun Quan sent up a letter of apology, saying that his son was too young and delicate in health to be sent away from home, and for the time being Cao Pi did not press the matter.
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. At this ultimatum, surely by no means unexpected, in the tenth month, being early November of 222, Sun Quan declared his independence of Wei.
^ (秋九月，魏乃命曹休、张辽、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡须，曹真、夏侯尚、张郃、徐晃围南郡。)《三国志》卷四十七
^ (权遣吕范等督五军，以舟军拒休等，诸葛瑾、潘璋、杨粲救南郡，朱桓以濡须督拒仁。)《三国志》卷四十七
^ De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. His adviser Dong Zhao assured him he need have no such worry: even if Cao Xiu was hot-headed enough to court such disaster, his wiser subordinates would be quite well aware of the dangers and would refuse to support him. Cao Pi may have been re-assured that Cao Xiu would not do anything rash, but there is nothing in the record to suggest that anyone under his command had any confidence of the most limited success.
^ (权甚惮焉，敕诸将：“张辽虽病，不可当也，慎之！”是岁，辽与诸将破权将吕范。)《三国志》卷一十七
^ (曹休、张辽，臧霸等来伐，范督徐盛、全琮、孙韶等，以舟师拒休等于洞口。)《三国志》卷五十六
^ 《三国演义》第86回
^ (辽还屯雍丘，得疾。帝遣侍中刘晔将太医视疾，虎贲问消息，道路相属。疾未瘳，帝迎辽就行在所，车驾亲临，执其手，赐以御衣，太官日送御食。疾小差，还屯。孙权复叛，帝遣辽乘舟，与曹休至海陵，临江。权甚惮焉，敕诸将：“张辽虽病，不可当也，慎之！”是岁，辽与诸将破权将吕范。辽病笃，遂薨于江都。)《三国志》卷一十七

陈寿。 三国志 。
罗贯中。 三国演义 。

[1] (秋九月，魏乃命曹休、张辽、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡须，曹真、夏侯尚、张郃、徐晃围南郡。 ... 冬十一月，大风。吕范等兵溺死者数千，余军还江南。曹休使臧霸以轻船五百、敢死万人袭攻徐陵，烧攻城车，杀略数千人。)《三国志》卷四十七

[2] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. With the full defeat of Liu Bei in the late summer and early autumn of 222, Sun Quan had obtained all possible benefit from his formal submission to Cao Pi and the empire of Wei, and he wasted very little time in breaking that connection.

[3] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. It had never been popular with his officers.

[4] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. , and even at the time of his enfeoffment as King of Wu there had been those who argued against accepting such a rank from the usurping Emperor, and who suggested that Sun Quan should take some independent title as Lord of Nine Provinces, claiming hegemony in support of Han. This was, as we have discussed, quite inappropriate and impractical in the circumstances, and the submission to Cao Pi was an essential preparation for dealing with Liu Bei.

[5] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. On the other hand, the alliance with the north was always a matter of expediency, and there seems no probability that Sun Quan intended it to last any longer than it needed.

[6] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. Sun Quan sent up a letter of apology, saying that his son was too young and delicate in health to be sent away from home, and for the time being Cao Pi did not press the matter.

[7] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. At this ultimatum, surely by no means unexpected, in the tenth month, being early November of 222, Sun Quan declared his independence of Wei.

[8] (秋九月，魏乃命曹休、张辽、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡须，曹真、夏侯尚、张郃、徐晃围南郡。)《三国志》卷四十七

[9] (权遣吕范等督五军，以舟军拒休等，诸葛瑾、潘璋、杨粲救南郡，朱桓以濡须督拒仁。)《三国志》卷四十七

[10] De Crespigny, Rafe. Online Publications (PDF). Asian Studies. [7 April 2012]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于8 June 2011）. His adviser Dong Zhao assured him he need have no such worry: even if Cao Xiu was hot-headed enough to court such disaster, his wiser subordinates would be quite well aware of the dangers and would refuse to support him. Cao Pi may have been re-assured that Cao Xiu would not do anything rash, but there is nothing in the record to suggest that anyone under his command had any confidence of the most limited success.

[11] (权甚惮焉，敕诸将：“张辽虽病，不可当也，慎之！”是岁，辽与诸将破权将吕范。)《三国志》卷一十七

[12] (曹休、张辽，臧霸等来伐，范督徐盛、全琮、孙韶等，以舟师拒休等于洞口。)《三国志》卷五十六

[13] 《三国演义》第86回

[14] (辽还屯雍丘，得疾。帝遣侍中刘晔将太医视疾，虎贲问消息，道路相属。疾未瘳，帝迎辽就行在所，车驾亲临，执其手，赐以御衣，太官日送御食。疾小差，还屯。孙权复叛，帝遣辽乘舟，与曹休至海陵，临江。权甚惮焉，敕诸将：“张辽虽病，不可当也，慎之！”是岁，辽与诸将破权将吕范。辽病笃，遂薨于江都。)《三国志》卷一十七

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