搖蚊科
搖蚊科
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| 羽搖蚊（Chironomus plumosus） | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
| 綱： | 昆蟲綱 Insecta |
| 目： | 雙翅目 Diptera |
| 亞目： | 長角亞目 Nematocera |
| 下目： | 蚊下目 Culicomorpha |
| 總科： | 搖蚊總科 Chironomoidea |
| 科： | 搖蚊科 Chironomidae Erichson, 1841 |
| 屬 | |
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共223個 | |
| 異名 | |
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Tendipedidae | |
搖蚊科（學名：Chironomidae），常被泛稱為搖蚊，是雙翅目搖蚊總科之下的一個科，常被稱為「不咬人的蚊子」，廣泛分布於世界各地[1]。已描述的種類超過6000種[2][3]。
生活史
[編輯]搖蚊的幼蟲被俗稱為紅筋蟲，由於其血液中含有血紅素，所以全身呈紅色，不過也有些品種呈綠色或黃色。
這類昆蟲屬完全變態的昆蟲，其生命周期分卵、幼蟲、蛹及成蟲四部分。
分布
[編輯]搖蚊的幼蟲主要生活在淡水環境中，少數種類在陸地或鹹水中生存。搖蚊幼蟲廣泛分布於各種湖泊、坑塘、沼澤、臨時水體、河流、溪流和瀑布等。據統計，搖蚊幼蟲的數量約占水體底棲動物的50%。[1]
下級分類
[編輯]本科包括以下屬：[4]
- Aagaardia Sæther, 2000
- Abiskomyia Edwards, 1937
- 無突搖蚊屬 Ablabesmyia Johannsen, 1905
- Acalcarella Shilova, 1955
- Acamptocladius Brundin, 1956
- Acinoretracus Epler, Harrison & Hare, 1999
- Acricotopus Kieffer, 1921
- Acutiforcipia Seredszus & Wichard, 2009
- Aedokritus
- Aenne Ansorge, 1999
- Afrochlus Freeman, 1964
- Afrozavrelia Harrison, 2004
- Agurayusurika
- Ainuyusurika Sasa & Shirasaka, 1988
- Allocladius
- Allometriocnemus Freeman, 1961
- Allotrissocladius Freeman, 1964
- Alotanypus Roback, 1971
- Amazonimyia
- Amberaspinus Evenhuis, 1994
- Amblycladius Kieffer, 1923
- Amnihayesomyia Niitsuma, 2007
- Amphismittia Kawai, Okamoto & Imabayashi, 2002
- Anaphrotenia Brundin, 1983
- Anatopynia Johannsen, 1905
- Ancylocladius Sublette & Wirth, 1972
- Andamanus Maheshwari & Maheshwari, 2001
- Anisinodus Lukashevich, Przhiboro, Marchal-Papier & Grauvogel-Stamm, 2010
- Antillocladius Sæther, 1981
- Anuncotendipes Cranston, 1999
- Anzacladius Cranston, 2009
- Apedilum Townes, 1945
- Apelopia Roback, 1971
- Aphrotenia Brundin, 1966
- Aphroteniella Brundin, 1966
- Apometriocnemus Sæther, 1984
- Apsectrotanypus Fittkau, 1962
- Araucania Brundin, 1966
- Archaeochlus Brundin, 1966
- Archistempellina Gilka & Zakrzewska, 2013
- Arctodiamesa Makarchenko, 1983
- Arctomyia Lundström, 1915
- Arctopelopia Fittkau, 1962
- Arctosmittia Zelentsov, 2006
- Asachironomus Kikuchi & Sasa, 1990
- Asclerina Reiss, 1968
- Asheum Sublette & Sublette, 1983
- Asiatendipes Hong, 2002
- Asuba Giebel, 1856
- Australopelopia Cranston, 2000
- Austrobrillia Freeman, 1961
- Austrochlus Cranston, 2002
- Austrocladius Freeman, 1961
- Axarus Roback
- Baeoctenus Sæther, 1976
- Baeotendipes Kieffer, 1913
- Barbadocladius Cranston & Krosch, 2011
- Bavarismittia Saether, 1995
- Beardius Reiss & Sublette, 1985
- Beckidia Saether, 1979
- Beifangiitendipes
- Beifangitendipes Hong, 2002
- Belgica Jacobs, 1900
- Benthalia Lipina, 1939
- Bernhardia Datta & Chaudhuri, 1992
- Bethbilbeckia
- Bethbilbekia Fittkau & Murray, 1988
- Bibionites Handlirsch, 1906
- Bilyjomyia Niitsuma & Watson, 2009
- Biwatendipes Tokunaga, 1965
- Boreochlus Edwards, 1938
- Boreoheptagyia Brundin, 1966
- Boreosmittia Tuiskunen, 1986
- Botryocladius Cranston & Edward, 1999
- Brachypogon
- Branchiurus Viviani, 1805
- Brillia Kieffer, 1913
- Brundiniella Roback, 1978
- Brunieria Kieffer, 1921
- Bryophaenocladius Thienemann, 1934
- Buchonomyia Fittkau, 1955
- Burmeisteria Weyenbergh, 1886
- Burmochlus Giłka, Zakrzewska & Makarchenko, 2019
- Bythomyia Zhang, 1989
- Caaporangombera
- Caladomyia Sawedal, 1981
- Calotanypus Roback, 1971
- Campontia Johnston, 1828
- Camposia Reiss, 1972
- Camposimyia Reiss, 1981
- Camptochironomus Kieffer, 1914
- Camptochironomus Meigen, 1803
- Camptocladius
- Cantomyia
- Cantopelopia Roback, 1971
- Carbochironomus Reiss & Kirschbaum, 1990
- Cardiocladiuis
- Cardiocladius Keiffer
- Cardiocladius Kieffer, 1912
- Cataliptus Bezzi, 1916
- Catalipus
- Caulochironomus Heyn, 1993
- Cecidomium Westwood, 1854
- Cedrimyia Namayandeh & Hudson, 2022
- Chaetocladius Kieffer, 1911
- Chartocladius
- Chasmatonotoides Doitteau & Nel, 2007
- Chasmatonotus Loew, 1864
- Chaudhuriomyia
- Chernovskiia Saether, 1977
- Chilenomyia Brundin, 1983
- Chirocladius Picado, 1914
- Chironocesa Koçak & Kemal, 2008
- Chironomites Fritsch & Bayer, 1900
- Chironomopsis Handlirsch, 1906
- 搖蚊屬 Chironomus
- Chrysopelopia Harrison, 1978
- Cladopelma Kieffer, 1921
- Cladotanytarsus Kieffer, 1922
- Cladpelma
- Clavicornius Hong, 2002
- Clinochironomus Kieffer, 1921
- Clinocladius Sublette, 1970
- Clinotanypus Kieffer, 1913
- Clinotanytarsus Kieffer, 1923
- Clunio Haliday, 1855
- Coelochironoma Zhang et al., 1986
- Coelopynia Freeman, 1961
- Coelotanypus Kieffer, 1913
- Coffmania Hazra & Chaudhuri, 2000
- Collartomyia Goetghebuer, 1948
- Colosmittia Andersen & Sæther, 1993
- Compteromesa Sæther, 1981
- Compterosmittia Sæther, 1981
- Conchapelopia Fittkau, 1957
- Conochironomus Freeman, 1961
- Conocladius Kieffer, 1910
- Constempellina Brundin, 1947
- Corneliola Gilka & Zakrzewska, 2013
- Coronapelopia Cranston & Krosch, 2021
- Corynocera J.W.Zetterstedt, 1837
- 棒脈搖蚊屬 Corynoneura Winnertz, 1846
- Corynoneurella Brundin, 1949
- Corytibacladius Oliveira, Messias & Santos
- Cretadiamesa Veltz, Azar & Nel, 2007
- Cretaenne Azar, Veltz & Nel, 2008
- Cretapelopia Veltz, Azar & Nel, 2007
- Cretodiamesa Kalugina, 1976
- Cricotopiella Meunier, 1916
- 環足搖蚊屬 Cricotopus
- Crymaleomyia Ashe & O'Connor, 2000
- Cryptochironomus
- Cryptocladopelma
- Cryptotendipes Beck & Beck, 1969
- Cryptotendipes Lenz, 1941
- Ctenosciara
- Curvus Kaddumi, 2005
- Cyphomella Saether, 1977
- Dactylocladius Kieffer, 1906
- Daitoyusurika Sasa & Suzuki, 2001
- Dara Giebel, 1856
- Demeijerea
- Demicryptochironomus Lenz, 1941
- Demicryptochironomus Reiss, 1988
- Denopelopia Roback & Rutter, 1988
- Derotanypus Roback, 1971
- Diamesa Meigen, 1835
- Diamesa Walts, 1837
- 二叉搖蚊屬 Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913
- Didimiriforceps
- Diplocladius Kieffer, 1908
- Diplosmittia Sæther, 1981
- Ditanytarsus Kieffer, 1922
- Djalmabastica Fittkau, 1968
- Djalmabatista Fittkau, 1968
- Doithrix Sæther & Sublette, 1983
- Dolichocladius Kieffer, 1911
- Dolichopelma Kieffer, 1918
- Doloplastus Skuse, 1889
- Doncricotopus Sæther, 1981
- Dratnalia Saether & Halvorsen, 1981
- Dryadontanytarsus
- Dryadotanytarsus
- Dungeyella Jarzembowski, Azar & Nel, 2008
- Echinocladius Cranston, 2000
- Edwardsidia Sæther, 1990
- Einfeldia Keiffer
- Einfeldia Kieffer, 1924
- Electrotenia Kalugina, 1980
- Elpiscladius Harrison & Cranston, 2007
- Endochironomus Kieffer, 1918
- Endochironomus Lenz, 1922
- Endotendipes Lenz, 1955
- Endotribelos Grodhaus
- Eocenitendipes Evenhuis, 1994
- Eonandeva Gilka & Zakrzewska
- Eopodonomus Rohdendorf, 1964
- Eoprocladius Szadziewski et al., 2018
- Epiocladius
- Epoicocladius Sulc & Zavrel, 1924
- Epotanytarsus Matsumura, 1917
- Eraniella Namayandeh, Ghaderi, Ghobari & Mohammadi, 2021
- Eretmoptera Kellogg, 1900
- Eudactylocladius Thienemann, 1935
- Eugenodiamesa Lukashevich & Przhiboro, 2015
- Eukiefferiella Thienemann, 1926
- Eurycnemus Wulp, 1874
- Euryhapsis Oliver, 1981
- Eusmittia Freeman, 1962
- Eutanytarsus Bause, 1914
- Ferringtonia
- Fissimentum Cranston & Nolte, 1996
- Fittkauimyia Karunakaran, 1969
- Fleuria Kieffer, 1924
- Flexicrus Seredszus & Wichard, 2009
- Fournieria Kieffer, 1924
- Freemaniella Sæther, 1976
- Friederia Sæther & Andersen, 1998
- Furcobuchonomyia Baranov, Goral & Ross, 2017
- Furvitendipes Hong, 2002
- Fushunitendipes Hong, 1981
- Georthocladius Strenzke, 1941
- Gilkania Lukashevich, 2020
- Gillotia Kieffer, 1921
- Glushkovella Kalugina, 1993
- 雕翅搖蚊屬 Glyptotendipes
- Goeldichironomus Fittkau, 1965
- Goetghebueria Kieffer, 1921
- Graceus Goetghebuer, 1928
- Gravatamberus Mendes & Andersen, 2008
- Gressittius Sublette & Wirth, 1980
- Gripekovenia Kieffer, 1918
- Guassutanypus Roque & Trivinho-Strixino, 2003
- Gujaratomyia Giłka & Zakrzewska, 2018
- Gunmayusurika
- Gurvanomyia Kalugina, 1986
- Guttipelopia Fittkau, 1962
- Guvanomyia
- Gymnometriocnemus Edwards, 1932，也拼作 Gymnometriocnemis
- Gymnometriocnemus Goetghebeur, 1932
- Gynnidocladius Sublette & Wirth, 1980
- Gynocladius Mendes, Sæther & Andrade-Morraye, 2005
- Haematotanypus Azar, Veltz & Nel, 2008
- Hahayusurika Sasa & Suzuki, 1997
- Halirytus
- Halocladius Hirvenoja, 1973
- Halocladius Thienemann
- Halotanytarsus
- Hanochironomus Ree, 1992
- Hanocladius Wang & Sæther, 2002
- Harnischia Kieffer, 1921
- Harrisius Freeman, 1959
- Harrisonina Freeman, 1956
- Hayesomyia Murray & Fittkau, 1986
- Heleniella Gouin, 1943
- Henrardia Goetghebuer, 1936
- Heplagyia
- Heptagyia Philippi, 1865
- Heterotanytarsus Spärck, 1923
- Heterotrissocladius Spärck, 1923
- Hevelius Sublette & Wirth, 1980
- Hexatanytarsus Kieffer, 1921
- Himatendipes Tokunaga, 1959
- Hintelmanniella Baranov & Haug, 2021
- Hintelmenniella
- Hirosimayusurika Sasa, Shimomura & Matsuo, 1991
- Holotanypus Roback, 1982
- Holtedahlia Kieffer, 1922
- Huabeitendipes Hong, 1995
- Hudsonimyia
- Hulstaertiella Goetghebuer, 1936
- Hulstaertulus Goetghebuer, 1948
- 水搖蚊屬 Hydrobaenus Fries, 1830
- Hydrosmittia Ferrington & Sæther, 2011
- Hyporhygma Reiss, 1982
- Ichthyocladius Fittkau, 1974
- Ikiprimus Sasa & Suzuki, 1999
- Ikisecundus Sasa & Suzuki, 1999
- Imparipecten Freeman, 1961
- Indoaxarus Maheshwari & Maheshwari, 2001
- Indocladius Chaudhuri & Bhattacharyay, 1989
- Indoclavitarsus Santokh, Singh & Kulshrestha
- Inermipupa Langton & Cobo, 1997
- Ionthosmittia Sæther & Andersen, 1995
- Iporangomberus
- Irisobrillia Oliver, 1985
- Isocladius Kieffer, 1909
- Isoplasus
- Jentzschiella Meunier, 1899
- Jurochlus Kalugina, 1985
- Juropelopia Evenhuis, 1994
- Jururumberus Mendes & Andersen, 2013
- Kaluginia Makarchenko, 1987
- Kamelopelopia Harrison, 1978
- Kaniwhaniwhanus Boothroyd, 1999
- Kiefferophyes Freeman, 1961
- Kiefferulus Goetghebuer, 1922
- Kloosia Kruseman, 1933
- Knepperia Kieffer, 1908
- Krenopelopia Fittkau, 1962
- Krenopsectra Reiss, 1969
- Krenosmittia Thienemann & Krüger, 1939
- Kribibius
- Kribiobius Kieffer, 1921
- Kribiocallis Kieffer, 1921
- Kribiocladius Kieffer, 1923
- Kribiocosmus Kieffer, 1921
- Kribiocryptus Kieffer, 1921
- Kribiodorum Kieffer, 1921
- Kribiodosis Kieffer, 1921
- Kribiodoxa Kieffer, 1921
- Kribiomimus Kieffer, 1921
- Kribiomyia Kieffer, 1921
- Kribiopelma Kieffer, 1921
- Kribiothauma Kieffer, 1921
- Kribioxenus Kieffer, 1921
- Kurobebrillia Sasa & Ogata, 1999
- Kuschelius Sublette & Wirth, 1980
- Kuzinia Shilova, 2001
- Labrundinia Fittkau, 1962
- Langtonius Lukashevich & Przhiboro, 2018
- Lappodiamesa Serra-Tosio, 1968
- Lappokiefferiella Tuiskunen, 1986
- Lapposmittia Thienemann, 1939
- Larsia Fittkau, 1962
- Larsia Wiedemann, 1824
- Lasiodiamesa Kieffer, 1924
- Latitendipes Hong, 2002
- Laurotanypus de Oliveira, da
- Conceicao Messias & da Silva-Vasconcelos, 1992
- Lauterborniella Thienemann & Bause, 1913
- Lebanorthocladius Veltz, Azar & Nel, 2007
- Lepidopelopia Harrison, 1970
- Lepidopodus Freeman, 1958
- Lerheimia Andersen & Sæther, 1993
- Liaotendipes Hong, 2002
- Liauningius Hong, 1982
- Libanochlites Brundin, 1976
- Libanodiamesa Veltz et al., 2007
- Libanopelopia Veltz, Azar & Nel, 2007
- Libanorthocladius
- Limaya Brundin, 1966
- Limnophyes Eaton, 1875
- Lindebergia Tuiskunen, 1984
- Linevitshia Makarchenko, 1987
- Lipiniella Shilova, 1961
- Lipurometriocnemus Sæther, 1981
- Lithotanytarsus Thienemann, 1933
- Litocladius Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004
- Ljungneria
- Lobochironomus Ryser, Wulker & Scholl, 1985
- Lobodiamesa Pagast, 1947
- Lobomyia Niitsuma, 2007
- Lobosmittia Sæther & Andersen, 1993
- Lopescladius
- Lunditendipes Harrison, 2000
- Lundstroemiella Kieffer, 1923
- Lundstroemiola Kieffer, 1924
- Lunstroemia
- Lutetialestes
- Lymnophyes
- Lyrocladius Mendes & Andersen, 2008
- Macropelopia Thienemann, 1916
- Madachironomus Andersen, 2016
- Mailonia Kalugina, 1985
- Manlayamyia Kalugina, 1980
- 馬諾亞搖蚊屬 Manoa Fittkau
- Maoridiamesa Pagast, 1947
- Mapucheptagyia Willassen
- Mariambera
- Maricladius Sublette, 1970
- Maryella Sublette & Wirth, 1980
- Maurius Lehmann, 1981
- Maximberus Andersen & Mendes, 2012
- Mecaorus Sublette & Wirth, 1980
- Megacentron Freeman, 1961
- Meigen
- Meropelopia Roback, 1971
- Mesoacentron Gilka, Zakrzewska, Lukashevich & Cranston, 2021
- Mesocricotopus Brundin, 1956
- Mesopelopia Kalugina, 1985
- Mesopelopia Roback, 1971
- Mesosmittia
- Metapelopia da Silva, Neubern de Oliveira & Trivinho-Strixino, 2014
- Metriocnemis
- Metriocnemus Van der Wulp, 1874
- Miambera Andersen & Mendes, 2012
- Micotendipes
- 小搖蚊屬 Microchironomus Kieffer, 1918
- Microlenzia Kieffer, 1925
- Micropelopia Thienemann & Zavrel, 1916
- Micropsectra Kieffer, 1908
- Microtendipes
- Microzetia Seguy, 1965
- Miscellanea Zorina, 2000
- Mogsonomus Kalugina, 1985
- Molleriella Saether & Ekrem, 1999
- Mongolchironomus Sasa & Suzuki, 1997
- Mongolcladius Sasa & Suzuki, 1997
- Mongolyusurika Sasa & Suzuki, 1997
- Monodiamesa Kieffer, 1922
- Monopelopia
- Monotanytarsus Kieffer, 1921
- Murraycladius Ashe & O'Connor, 2007
- Myanmaro Giłka, Makarchenko, Pankowski & Zakrzewska, 2019
- Naelotanypus Roback, 1982
- Nakataia Sublette & Wirth, 1980
- Nandeva Wiedenbrug, Reiss & Fittkau, 1998
- 矮突搖蚊屬 Nanocladius Kieffer, 1913
- Naonella Booth, 1994
- Nasuticladius Freeman, 1961
- Natarsia Fittkau, 1962
- Natvigia Kieffer, 1922
- Neelamia Soponis, 1987
- Neobrillia Kawai, 1991
- Neopodonomus Chaudhuri & Ghosh, 1981
- Neostempellina Reiss, 1984
- Neozavrelia Goetghebuer, 1941
- Nepalia Kieffer, 1911
- Nesiocladius Sublette & Wirth, 1980
- Nidnurbia Sawedal, 1982
- Nilodorum Kieffer, 1921
- Nilodosis Kieffer, 1921
- Nilomyia Kieffer, 1921
- Nilotanypus Kieffer, 1923
- Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921
- Nimbocera Reiss, 1972
- Ninelia Makarchenko & Makarchenko, 2004
- Nomochirus Collado, 1926
- Nonella
- Nostococladius Ashe & Murray, 1980
- Notocladius Harrison, 1997
- Nubensia Spies, 2015
- Ochlus Enderlein, 1912
- Odontomesa Pagast, 1947
- Okayamayusurika Sasa, 1989
- Okinawayusurika Sasa & Hasegawa, 1988
- Olecryptotendipes Zorina, 2007
- Oleia Andersen & Mendes, 2007
- Oliveiriella Wiedenbrug & Fittkau, 1997
- Oliveridia Sæther, 1980
- Omisus Townes, 1945
- Onconeura Andersen & Sæther, 2005
- Ophryophorus Freeman, 1959
- Oreadomyia Kevan & Cutten-Ali-Khan, 1975
- Oropuella Fasbender, 2020
- Ortho GenusA
- Orthocladius Wulp, 1874
- Ortroya Kieffer, 1921
- Orusa Lin, 1980
- Oryctochlus Kalugina, 1985
- Oshia
- Oukuriella Epler, 1986,2013
- Pachyuronympha Rodendorf, 1964
- Pagastia Makarchenko, 2019
- Pagastia Oliver, 1959
- Pagastiella Brundin, 1949
- Paggipelopia
- Paicheleria Azar & Nel, 2010
- Palaeoboreochlus Baranov & Andersen, 2014
- Palaeocentron Gilka, Zakrzewska, Lukashevich & Cranston, 2021
- Palaeotanypus
- Palatovia Makarchenko & Semenchenko, 2020
- Pamirocesa Koçak & Kemal, 2008
- Paraboreochlus Thienemann, 1939
- Paraborniella Freeman, 1961
- Parachaetocladius Freeman, 1964
- Parachaetocladius Wülker, 1959
- Parachasmatonotus Doitteau & Nel, 2007
- Parachironomus
- Paracladius
- Paracladopelma Harnisch, 1923
- Paraclunio Kieffer, 1911
- Paracricotopus Brundin, 1956
- Paracricotopus Thienemann & Harnisch, 1932
- Paradentipus
- Paradoxocladius Harrison, 2000
- Paraheptagyia Brundin, 1966
- Parakiefferiella Thienemann, 1936
- Paralauterborniella Lenz, 1941
- Paralimnophyes Brundin, 1956
- Paramerina Fittkau, 1962
- Parametriocnemus Goetghebuer, 1931
- Paranilothauma Soponis, 1987
- Parapelopia Roback, 1971
- Parapentaneura Stur, Fittkau & da Silva Serrano, 2006
- Paraphaenocladius Thienemann, 1924
- Paraphrotenia Brundin, 1966
- Parapotthasttia
- Parapsectra Reiss, 1969
- Parapsectrocladius Cranston, 2000
- Parapsectrocladius Playa
- Parartrichocladius
- Parasectra
- Paraskusella Cranston, 2018
- Parasmittia Strenzke, 1950
- Paratanypus Garrett, 1925
- 擬長跗搖蚊屬 Paratanytarsus
- Paratendipes Kieffer, 1911，也拼作：Paratendipus
- Paratrichocladius Santo-Abreu, 1918，也拼作Paratrichlocladius
- Paratrissocladius Zavrel, 1937
- Parochlus Enderlein, 1912
- Parorthocladius Thienemann, 1935
- Parvitergum Freeman, 1961
- Paucispinigera Freeman, 1959
- Paulfreemania Cranston & Krosch, 2011
- Pebapomberus Mendes & Anderson, 2012
- Pelomus Reiss, 1989
- Pelopia Latreille, 1802
- Pelopia Meigen, 1800
- Pelopiina Statz, 1944
- Pentaneura Philippi, 1865
- Pentaneurella Fittkau & Murray, 1983
- Pentapedilum Kieffer, 1913
- Petalocladius Sublette & Wirth, 1972
- Phaenopelma Kieffer, 1921
- Phaenopsectra Kieffer, 1921
- Physoneura Ferrington & Sæther, 1995
- Phytochironomus Kieffer, 1921
- Phytotelmatocladius
- Pirara Boothroyd & Cranston
- Platycladius Sublette, 1970
- Platysmittia Saether, 1982
- Plhudsonia Sæther, 1982
- Ploegia Doitteau & Nel, 2007
- Podochlus Brundin, 1966
- Podomopsis
- Podonomius Kalugina, 1985
- Podonomopsis Brundin, 1966
- Podonomus Philippi, 1865
- Pogonocladius Brundin, 1956
- 多足搖蚊屬 Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912
- Pontomyia Edwards, 1926
- Potamoceroides Munier-Chalmas, 1901
- Potthastia Kieffer, 1922
- Probolum
- Prochironomus Kieffer, 1909
- Procladius
- Prodiamesa Kieffer, 1906
- Prolipiniella Doitteau & Nel, 2007
- 裸須搖蚊屬 Propsilocerus Kieffer, 1923
- Prorietha
- Prosmittia Brundin, 1956
- Protanypus Kieffer, 1906
- Protanytarsus Kieffer, 1921
- Protenthes Johannsen, 1907
- Protiethia
- Protobelgica Séguy, 1965
- Protobibio Rodendorf, 1946
- Psammathiomyia (Deby, 1899)
- Psectrocladius Kieffer, 1906
- Psectrotanypus Kieffer, 1909
- Pseudhydrobaenus Brèthes, 1913
- Pseudobrillia Niitsuma, 1991
- Pseudochasmatonotus Doitteau & Nel, 2007
- 假搖蚊屬 Pseudochironomus Malloch, 1915
- Pseudocricotopus Nishida, 1987
- Pseudodiamesa Goetghebuer, 1939
- Pseudokiefferiella Zavrel, 1941
- Pseudorthocladius Goetghebuer, 1932
- Pseudosmittia
- Psilochironomus Sublette, 1966
- Psilometriocnemus Sæther, 1969
- Pterosis Sublette & Wirth, 1980
- Qiniella Wang & Sæther, 1998
- Radotanypus Fittkau & Murray, 1985
- Raphidocladius Sæther, 1983
- Reissia Brundin, 1981
- Reissmesa Ashe, 2000
- Reomyia Roback, 1987
- Rhagosmittia Ferrington & Saether, 2006
- Rheochlus Brundin, 1966
- 趨流搖蚊屬 Rheocricotopus Thienemann & Harnisch, 1932
- Rheomus Laville & Reiss, 1988
- Rheopelopia Fittkau, 1962
- Rheosmittia Brundin, 1986
- Rheotanytarsus Thienemann & Bause, 1913
- Rhinocladius Edwards, 1931
- Rhopalocladius Kieffer, 1911
- Riethia Kieffer, 1917
- Robackia Saether, 1977
- Saetheria Jackson, 1977
- Saetheriella Halvorsen, 1982
- Saetherocladius
- Saetherocryptus Andersen & Mendes, 2007
- Saetherolabis Andersen & Mendes, 2007
- Saetheromyia Niitsuma, 2007
- Saetherops Andersen & Mendes, 2007
- Sasacricotopus Kobayashi & Sæther, 1999
- Sasayusurika Makarchenko, 1993
- Schineriella Murray & Fittkau, 1988
- Semiocladius Sublette & Wirth, 1980
- Sendelia Duisburg, 1868
- Sendelia Meunier, 1899
- Seppia Ekrem & Sæther, 2000
- Sergentia Kieffer, 1922
- Sergentina
- Setukoyusurika Sasa & Suzuki, 2000
- Shangomyia Sæther & Wang, 1993
- Shilovia Makartshenko, 1989
- Shinanoyasurika Sasa & Hirabayashi, 1991
- Shinlustia Kalugina, 1986
- Sinaspinus Hong, 2002
- Sinoryctochlus Zhang, 1991
- Siolimyia Fittkau, 1968
- Skusella Freeman, 1961
- Skutzia Reiss, 1985
- Smittia Holmgren, 1869
- Spaniotoma Philippi, 1865
- Spinitendipes Hong, 2002
- Spinorthocladius Doitteau & Nel, 2007
- Stackelbergina Shilova & Zelentsov, 1978
- Stelechomyia (Reiss)
- Stempellina Thienemann & Bause, 1913
- Stempellinella Brundin, 1947
- 狹搖蚊屬 Stenochironomus Kieffer, 1919
- Stenocladius Kieffer, 1918
- Sticochironomus
- Stictochironomus Kieffer, 1919
- Stictocladius Edwards, 1931
- Stictotendipes Lenz, 1937
- Stilocladius Rossaro, 1979
- Stygocladius Moubayed-Breil, Ashe & Langton, 2012
- Stylotanytarsus Kieffer, 1921
- Sublettea Roback, 1975
- Sublettiella Sæther, 1983
- Sumatendipes Kikuchi & Sasa, 1990
- Symbiocladius Kieffer, 1925
- Sympotthastia Pagast, 1947
- Syndiamesa Kieffer, 1918
- Synendotendipes Grodhaus, 1987
- Synoricotopus
- Synorthocladius Thienemann, 1935
- Tanyarsus
- Tanypodites Kalugina, 1985
- Tanypus
- Tanytarsus Van Der Wulp
- Tapajos Trivinho-Strixino, da Silva & de Oliveira, 2013
- Tavastia Saether, 1992
- Tavastia Tuiskunen, 1985
- Telmatogeton Schiner, 1866
- Telmatopelopia Fittkau, 1962
- Telopelopia Roback, 1971
- Tempisquitoneura Epler, 1995
- Tendipopsis Hong & Wang, 1990
- Tendipus
- Tenuigastrulus Hong, 2002
- Tethymyia Wirth, 1949
- Thalassomya Schiner, 1856
- Thalassomyia (Schiner, 1856)
- Thalassosmittia (Strenzke & Remmert, 1957)
- Thienemannia Kieffer, 1909
- 提尼曼搖蚊屬 Thienemanniella
- Thienemannimyia Fittkau, 1957
- Thienemanniola Kieffer, 1921
- Thienimanniella
- Tinactum Lin, 1980
- Titimbera
- Tobachironomus Kikuchi & Sasa, 1990
- Tokunagaia Goetghebuer, 1932
- Tokunagaia Saether, 1973
- Tokunagayusurika Sasa, 1978
- Tokyobrillia Kobayashi & Sasa, 1991
- Tonegayusurika
- Tonnoirocladius Cranston, 2007
- Tophocladius Kalugina, 1985
- Tosayusurika Sasa, Suzuki & Sakai, 1998
- Townsia Sublette, 1966
- Toyamayusurika Sasa & Kawai, 1987
- Tribelos Townes, 1945
- Trichochilus Sæther, 1985
- Trichocladius Kieffer, 1906
- Trichosmittia Yamamoto, 1999
- Trichotanypus Kieffer, 1906
- Trichotendipes Guha, Das, Chaudhuri & Choudhuri, 1985
- Tripelma Kieffer, 1913
- Trissocladius Kieffer, 1908
- Trissopelopia Kieffer, 1923
- Tritanytarsus Kieffer, 1921
- Trondia Ferrington & Saether, 2006
- Tsudayusurika Sasa, 1985
- Tusimayusurika Sasa & Suzuki, 1999
- Tvetenia Kieffer, 1922
- Ubatubaneura Wiedenbrug & Trivinho-Strixino, 2009
- Uirassubrillia Mendes, Andersen & Pinho, 2013
- Ulaia Kalugina, 1985
- Ulaimailia Kalugina, 1985
- Ulaimailonia Kalugina, 1985
- Ulaimailoniella Kalugina, 1985
- Unniella Sæther, 1982
- Usambaromyia Andersen & Sæther, 1994
- Vertheia
- Viduata Lin, 1980
- Virgatanytarsus Pinder, 1982
- Vivacricotopus Schnell & Saether, 1988
- Wadelius Veltz, Azar & Nel, 2007
- Wirthiella Sublette, 1960
- Wuelkerella Suárez & Sublette, 2012
- Wulpiella Kieffer, 1899
- Xenochironomus Kieffer, 1921
- Xenopelopia Fittkau, 1962
- Xenotanytarsus Kieffer, 1921
- Xestochironomus Sublette & Wirth, 1972
- Xestotendipes Harrison, 2000
- Xiaomyia Sæther & Wang, 1993
- Xylochironomus Cranston, 2006
- Xylotopus Oliver
- Yaeprimus Sasa & Suzuki, 2000
- Yaequartus Sasa & Suzuki, 2000
- Yaequintus Sasa & Suzuki, 2000
- Yaesecundus Sasa & Suzuki, 2000
- Yaetanytarsus Sasa, 1990
- Yaetertius Sasa & Suzuki, 2000
- Yaethauma Yamamoto, Yamamoto & Tang, 2018
- Yama Sublette & Martin, 1980
- Yarrhpelopia Cranston, 2017
- Yuasaiella Tokunaga, 1938
- Zalutschia Lipina, 1939
- Zavrelia Kieffer, 1913
- Zavreliella Kieffer, 1920
- Zavrelimyia Fittkau, 1962
- Zavrelimyia Kittkau
- Zelandochlus Brundin, 1966
- Zelentsoviella Krasheninnikov, 2019
- Zhouomyia Sæther & Wang, 1993
- Ziadeus Azar & Nel, 2010
- Zuluchironomus Harrison, 2000
生態與應用
[編輯]由於搖蚊幼蟲對淡水水質變化敏感，常被視為監測淡水資源的重要指標生物[1]。搖蚊幼蟲能夠消除水體中的有機物污染並促進有機物的礦化；然而由於搖蚊繁殖能力強，對水環境適應性高，幼蟲大量繁殖時可能會污染供水系統[6][7]。
搖蚊幼蟲是魚類的天然餌料，但某些種類對水稻等水生作物構成威脅，可能引發農作物災害[1]。
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 徐紫剛; 李傳仁，王嘉鑫，余鵬，肖雲麗，傅悅. 大别山地区摇蚊科昆虫多样性调查研究. 環境昆蟲學報. 2024, (3): 606–615 [2024-09-12].
- ^ Milner, Alexander. Book review: The chironomidae: biology and ecology of non-biting midges. P. D. Armitage, P. S. Cranston and L. C. V. Pinder. Chapman and Hall, London, 1995. No of pages: 572. Price: £69.00. ISBN 0-412-45260.. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management. 1997-01, 13 (1): 91–92. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199701)13:1<91::AID-RRR432>3.0.CO;2-N.
- ^ Patrick Ashe. A world catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera). Part 2, Orthocladiinae (PDF). Dublin: Irish Biogeographical Society in association with the National Museum of Ireland. 2012. ISBN 9780955080654 （英語）.
- ^ Chironomidae. GBIF. [2023-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-29）.
- ^ Xin Qi, Xin-Hua Wang, Trond Andersen and Xiao-Long Lin. 2017. A New Species of Manoa Fittkau (Diptera: Chironomidae), with DNA Barcodes from Xianju National Park, Oriental China. Zootaxa. 4231(3); 398–408. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.3.6
- ^ Song, C; Wang, Q; Zhang, R; Sun, B; Wang, X. Exploring the utility of DNA barcoding in species delimitation of Polypedilum (Tripodura) non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae).. Zootaxa. 2016-02-16, 4079 (5): 534–50. PMID 27394207. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4079.5.2.
- ^ 丁煌英; 寧鵬飛, 張慶, 李明會, 甘萍. 剑湖摇蚊幼虫的空间分布与水质评价. 水生態學雜誌. 2017, 38 (3): 58–65 [2024-09-12]. doi:10.15928/j.1674-3075.2017.03.009.
