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專著（英語：monograph）指專家之文字作品（與參考書相對）[1]或對單一學科或一個學科的某方面進行的展示。專著一般由單一作者（或藝術家）完成，並且通常是用於探討學術內容。
在圖書館分類中，「專著」一詞用於與定期刊物（如雜誌、學術期刊及報紙）相對，故有更加廣泛的含義。並非以序列方式出版的單卷書或有限卷的書都可稱為專著。[2]在此語境下，小說也被稱為專著。
學術專著
[編輯]英語單詞 "monograph" 來源於拉丁語 "monographia"，而後者又來源於希臘語。[3]英文中，"mono-" 指「單一」，而 "-graph" 指「著作」。[4]學術專著的主要目的是向有需要的讀者可靠地展示研究內容，這使之與課本不同，後者的主要目的是論述某個領域的知識狀況。因此，在許多學術領域，出版專著通常被認為對職業發展至關重要。專供其他研究人員使用，並且主要是由圖書館購買的，故其通常以短冊形式單獨出版。[5]
在英國和美國，出版者通常都假定，學術專著的讀者不僅具有專門知識或豐富經驗，而且還要對此著作的主體有專業上的興趣。但具體用於區分學術專著及貿易著作的標準，則依出版社而異。[6]
生物學
[編輯]在生物分類學中，專著指對某個分類階元進行全面描述的著作。專著通常回顧一組已知物種，並且在其中加入新發現的相關物種，並收集和綜合有關該組物種的生態聯繫、地理分佈和形態變異的可用信息。
生物分類學中的第一部專著為羅伯特·莫里森在1627年寫成的 Plantarum Umbelliferarum Distributio Nova[註 1]，莫里森在其中討論了傘形科植物。[7]
藝術家專著
[編輯]以「藝術家專著」[註 2]為名出版的書籍是對單一藝術家的研究，而非對藝術學科廣泛的綜述。
In United States Food and Drug Administration regulation
[編輯]In the context of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation, monographs represent published standards by which the use of one or more substances is automatically authorized. For example, the following is an excerpt from the Federal Register: "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a final rule in the form of a final monograph establishing conditions under which over-the-counter (OTC) sunscreen drug products are generally recognized as safe and effective and not misbranded as part of FDA's ongoing review of OTC drug products."[8] Such usage has given rise to the use of the word monograph as a verb, as in "this substance has been monographed by the FDA".
參見
[編輯]- 匯編{{NoteTag|翻譯之來源[9]
- 學問論文集
- Documentation，或譯「說明書」。Documentation 與使用手冊的差異在於，對產品的描述不侷限於指示，而包含來自不同方面的資料。
- Treatise
- Essay (學術)
註釋
[編輯]參考資料
[編輯]- ^ Campbell, Robert; Pentz, Ed; Borthwick, Ian. Academic and Professional Publishing. 2012. ISBN 978-1-78063-309-1.
'[M]onograph' has become a generic term for a book that is not of a reference type, is of primary material and which may be multi-authored, single-authored, or an edited collection.
- ^ Harrod, Leonard Montague. Prytherch, Raymond John , 編. Harrod's librarians' glossary and reference book: a directory of over 10,200 terms, organizations, projects and acronyms in the areas of information management, library science, publishing and archive management 10th. Aldershot, Hampshire, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate. 2005: 462. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-03） –透過Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science.
For the purpose of library cataloging, any nonserial publication, complete in one volume or intended to be completed in a finite number of parts issued at regular or irregular intervals, containing a single work or collection of works. Monographs are sometimes published in monographic series and subseries. Compare with book.
- ^ The explanation of 'monograph' and 'monogram' in Oxford Advanced Leaners' Dictionary (8th Ed.)
- ^ The explanation of "monograph" in Online Etymology Dictionary. [5 February 2021].
- ^ Williams, Peter; Stevenson, Iain; Nicholas, David; Watkinson, Anthony; Rowlands, Ian. The role and future of the monograph in arts and humanities research. ASLIB Proceedings. 2009, 61: 67–82. doi:10.1108/00012530910932294.
- ^ Thompson, John B. Books in the Digital Age: The Transformation of Academic and Higher Education Publishing in Britain and the United States
. Cambridge: Polity Press. 2005: 84–85. ISBN 978-0745634784 –透過Internet Archive.
- ^ Vines, Sydney Howard. Robert Morison (1620–1683) and John Ray (1627–1705). Oliver, Francis Wall (編). Makers of British Botany. Cambridge University Press. 1913: 22 –透過Wikisource.
- ^ DOCID:fr21my99-6, Federal Register, Rules and Regulations 64 (98), May 21, 1999, 64 (98): 27666–27693, （原始內容 (TXT)存檔於2017-02-01）
- ^ 劍橋雙語詞典對 "compendium" 的解釋.
