莎拉·瓦根克內希特聯盟
 | 此條目目前正依照其他維基百科上的內容進行翻譯。 (2024年2月13日) |
莎拉·瓦根克內希特聯盟—理性和公正 Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht – Vernunft und Gerechtigkeit | |
|---|---|
 莎拉·瓦根克內希特聯盟—理性和公正標誌 | |
| 簡稱 | BSW |
| 主席 | 莎拉·瓦根克內希特 阿米拉·穆罕默德·阿里 |
| 總書記 | 克里斯蒂安·雷耶 |
| 創始人 | 莎拉·瓦根克內希特 |
| 成立 | 2024年1月8日 |
| 分裂自 | 左翼黨 |
| 總部 | 柏林克勞森街9—10號 |
| 黨員 （2024年9月19日） | 約900[1] |
| 意識形態 | |
| 政治立場 | 左翼至極左翼 |
| 歐洲議會黨團 | 無所屬 |
| 官方色彩 | |
| 聯邦議院 | 10 / 736
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| 聯邦參議院 | 5 / 69
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| 州議會 | 47 / 1,898
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| 歐洲議會 | 6 / 96
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| 州長 | 0 / 16
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| 官方網站 | |
| bsw-vg | |
| 德國政治 政黨 · 選舉 | |
莎拉·瓦根克內希特聯盟—理性和公正（德語：Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht – Vernunft und Gerechtigkeit，縮寫為BSW）是德國的一個左翼保守主義政黨，成立於2024年1月8日。該黨的前身是2023年9月26日成立的同名註冊協會。
歷史
[編輯]2024年1月8日，瓦根克內希特聯盟正式成立，並同日公佈該黨於2024年歐洲議會選舉的首席候選人。[10]
2024年1月27日，聯盟召開首次黨大會，並選出執行委員會、通過該年歐洲議會選舉政綱草稿。[1]
意識形態和綱領
[編輯]學術和媒體描述
[編輯]瓦根克內希特聯盟被描述為民粹主義[11][12]、社會主義[4]、經濟社會主義[7]、反資本主義[13]、左翼保守主義[7]、文化保守主義[5]、社會保守主義[6]、反移民[18]、左翼民粹主義[2]、左翼民族主義[3]、歐洲懷疑主義[8]。多被描述為左翼保守主義是因為該黨在經濟上持左翼至極左翼立場，而在某些社會文化議題上採取保守主義立場[19]。 沃特曼認為這種立場在反建制和右翼傾向的選民中頗受歡迎[20]。根據沃德瑞斯、馬奇和皮蒂拉斯在《英國政治與國際關係雜誌》發表的研究，瓦根克內希特聯盟被歸類為歐洲激進左翼的一部分，該黨源於左翼黨內部由瓦根克內希特領導的「改革共產主義者」派別，該派別與民主社會主義多數派存在衝突[21]。
對於將該黨描述為「極右翼」或「社會右翼」的說法，政治學家索斯藤·法斯指出，瓦根克內希特即使在左翼黨內，仍然是一位具有左翼特徵的政治家。他評論說：「我對此會保持一些謹慎，因為這顯然是一個左翼計劃。這絕不是一個代表右翼立場的政治家。」[22] 艾科·瓦格納將瓦根克內希特聯盟描述為一個「社會經濟左翼和社會文化右翼的政黨」，並將其歸類為左翼威權主義[23]。索斯藤·霍爾茨霍伊澤將該黨歸類為「融合型」，認為該黨並非傳統的左翼或社會主義政黨，而是代表了一些社會民主主義、保守主義甚至秩序自由主義的立場[24]。但是哈友·馮克反對將瓦根克內希特聯盟歸類為「融合型」或「右翼」，認為該黨「務實、社會和經濟上傾向左翼，並且注重和平政策」。馮克還質疑「左翼保守派」這一標籤，認為該黨在移民問題上做限制的保守立場反映了「現有民主黨派的共識」[25]。
拋開左右翼的分類，歷史學家伊科·薩沙·科瓦爾奇克提到瓦根克內希特聯盟的威權國家思想。瓦根克內希特的共產主義政治背景決定了該黨的基本政治理念和目標，這些理念是反民主的[26]。科瓦爾奇克寫道，瓦根克內希特聯盟追求一個強大、威權的國家，「控制、照顧並統一社會」，這吸引了東德地區那些政治理念受民主德國影響和支持「強大國家」的人群[27]。
在左右翼政治光譜中，該黨被普遍認為是一個極左翼政黨[28][7][29][30]。它也被描述為硬左翼[31]。一些人認為該黨是左翼[12][32]，另一些人則認為該黨在社會文化議題（如移民）上持保守立場[19]；這種立場組合被用來與荷蘭社會黨和希臘共產黨等舊左翼政黨進行比較[7]。貝爾法斯特女王大學政治學講師薩拉·瓦格納研究了瓦根克內希特的政治崛起，她說：「我們無法確切地知道有多少人認同左翼保守主義價值觀。但我們可以說這是重要的群體。我們以前從未在德國政黨中見過這種組合。[7]」基民盟的卡斯滕·林內曼稱瓦根克內希特為「左翼和右翼極端主義者」以及「共產主義者」。《衛報》將該黨描述為「結合左翼和右翼政策[...]其競選主張包括提高養老金和最低工資，同時限制氣候保護措施並加強庇護規定」[33]。
政策和政治立場
[編輯]瓦根克內希特聯盟的政治立場包括進一步限制移民、推動去全球化、反對綠色政治、結束對烏克蘭的軍事援助，並尋求通過談判解決俄烏戰爭。瓦根克內希特認為自己的黨派主要反對聯盟90/綠黨。在接受《南德意志報》採訪時，瓦根克內希特表示，她的黨「顯然不是右翼」，而是左翼，即「爭取更多社會公正、良好的工資、體面的養老金」，並且主張「外交政策應回歸緩和的傳統，而不是越來越依賴軍事手段」[34]。然而，瓦根克內希特沒有在新黨命名中使用與左翼相關的名稱，她說道：「今天很多人將它與完全不同的內容聯繫起來」，以及與「精英主義的辯論」掛鈎，並表示瓦根克內希特聯盟將吸引「廣泛的潛在選民群體」[35]。瓦根克內希特認為，左翼黨已變得過於社會自由主義化，稱其為「左翼生活方式」，而非傳統的左翼，並指責該黨內的進步派人士過於專注於飲食、代詞和種族主義的認知，而忽視了貧困和貧富差距日益擴大的問題[7][12]。
瓦根克內希特聯盟支持經濟干預主義和更大的社會福利保障，這些將由富人提供資金，資產和遺產應被抽出[36]。瓦根克內希特發佈了一份五頁的宣言，重點關注橋樑和道路的惡化、手機信號差、網速慢和不堪重負的行政部門等問題。該黨聲稱代表低收入者的利益，支持「以公共福利為導向的政治」，即福利將高於「自私的利益」。瓦根克內希特聯盟強烈批評日益嚴重的社會不公、跨國公司的權力和影響力，以及德國稅收體系，認為它是不公平的。該黨呼籲國家干預，以應對主導市場的大公司和侵犯權益的「數字壟斷者」，如亞馬遜、臉書、微軟和蘋果等，該黨認為大公司破壞了民主，必須被解體。該黨拒絕市場經濟，譴責它是一個導致通貨膨脹、財富集中於少數人手中的經濟制度，還是一個導致公司獲得創紀錄紅利的制度和「食物周濟庫前排隊的人越來越多」的制度。該黨致力於再分配政策，表示「再分配從辛勤工作的人至到上層的1萬人」。為此，瓦根克內希特聯盟提出了對富人增加稅收、解體和去中心化大公司，以及制定反遊說法[37]。
該黨的經濟主張包括脫離資本主義制度、財富再分配和經濟干預主義。該黨經濟政策的核心主題是社會公正，它自稱是窮人的捍衛者，提議採取社會措施保護弱勢群體。它主張經濟應以「共同利益」為導向，倡導公平的工資政策和廣泛的社會保障體系。對瓦根克內希特聯盟而言，目前財富不平等的主要原因是新自由主義改革和全球化，它們將經濟導向低薪的基礎服務行業，這些行業成為了大多數工人的職業。這也標誌着「知識型社會」的出現，這種社會由精英大學畢業生組成，他們並未經歷經濟困境。根據瓦根克內希特聯盟的說法，市場和競爭不再有效，因為「金融集團」鞏固了權力，並將他們的規則強加於社會，從而「摧毀了民主」。該黨主張建立一種新的經濟體系，在這種體系中，市場將受到嚴厲限制，過去主導市場的集團將被解體[38]。
文化議題
[編輯]該黨被認為持有一些文化保守主義的立場，例如反對非法移民、反對覺醒文化，對性別包容、包容性語言和跨性別權利持有懷疑態度[39]。該黨將其反非法移民立場表述為保護德國福利國家的一種方式，認為福利國家需要社會團結來運作，而大規模的非法移民會破壞這一點。瓦根克內希特表示：「福利國家越強大，就必須有更多的歸屬感。因為如果人們與那些領取社會福利的人沒有任何聯繫，那麼他們最終會拒絕為這些福利買單」[40]。
《時代周報》將瓦根克內希特聯盟描述為「高度民粹主義的政黨」，並將其意識形態稱為「帶有保守色彩的左翼民粹主義」。這一評價基於該黨在以下方面的立場：對難民和移民問題採取的限制性態度；以民族國家為實際參考點的社會政策；以及一種不迴避為威權國家（如普京領導的俄羅斯）辯護的和平主義。同時，該黨還拒絕一切覺醒文化和大城市文青主義[41]。
瓦根克內希特認為，支持非法移民是一種「市場自由主義」的立場，而不是左翼立場，她認為：「安格拉·默克爾的基督教民主聯盟代表靈活性、經濟自由主義、全球化和大量移民，即一種削弱社會凝聚力和有價值的相互聯繫的政策，這些聯繫曾經為人們提供安全感和支持。」瓦根克內希特聯盟認為，非法移民是剝削性的，因為它對原籍國來說是淨損失，視之為「富裕國家從人力資源中獲取好處的便捷方式」。同時，瓦根克內希特聯盟認為，非法移民降低了德國的生活質量，不僅因為社會福利支出，還因為學校和住房的名額不足。對於瓦根克內希特而言，福利國家基於公民的忠誠和他們繳納稅款的意願，「如果國家公民與非公民之間不再有任何區別，國家自然也不再有責任以特殊方式保護其人口」。結果是福利和社會支持的消亡[42]。
該黨對德國語言中性別包容性修改提出強烈批評。瓦根克內希特認為，雖然每個人「都應該以自己的方式生活」，但德國存在一個問題，即「傳統家庭的人不再感受到尊重，而白人、男性和異性戀的群體幾乎不得不為此道歉」。她支持在學校和公共機構實施「性別禁令」，以巴伐利亞州長馬庫斯·澤德通過的法案為例，強制使用傳統的德國語法來表示性別[43]。該黨還反對放寬法律對於改變性別的規定；瓦根克內希特認為這樣的法律「將父母和孩子變成了一個只對製藥遊說集團有利的意識形態實驗對象」[40]。
瓦根克內希特將自己的左翼黨派與那些「生活方式左翼」區分開來，這種「左翼」關注身份政治和「道德優越感」，卻忽視了藍領工人和貧困群體。她認為，主流左翼黨派已經拋棄了「全球化制度下的失敗者」，即那些因移民壓力和海外市場競爭處於不利地位的工人。瓦根克內希特認為這種「生活方式左翼」是歐洲右翼民粹主義崛起的主要原因：
左翼自由主義的傲慢滋生了右翼在政治領域的勝利。右翼的攻擊越激烈，左翼自由主義者就越覺得自己立場正確。納粹反對移民？那麼，任何批評移民的人都必然是隱秘的納粹分子……社會民主黨和左翼黨非但沒有拿出吸引多數人的政策，反而幫助了德國選擇黨取得選舉勝利，使其成為領先的「工人政黨」。他們也以一種完全屈從的方式接受了綠黨作為思想和政治的先鋒。這使得左翼失去了獨自贏得多數的機會。[42]
瓦根克內希特聯盟指責其他左翼政黨存在精英主義和新教育特權，稱它們已被城市學術界主導，不再代表社會中的低收入階層。該黨強調國家團結，將「某地人」（指感到與特定國家和地區有聯繫的工人）與「任何地方人」（全球化精英）進行對比。該黨強調傳統的家庭價值觀和地方認同，批評社會進步主義是市場自由主義政策的延伸，認為這些政策「削弱了社會凝聚力和過去為人們提供安全感和支持的重要相互聯繫」。
可再生能源與核能
[編輯]瓦根克內希特聯盟還關注能源政策，認為僅靠可再生能源無法滿足能源需求；該黨建議除了可再生能源外，還應投資核電站[44]。該黨認為，儘管關心環境問題，但德國經濟以工業為主，能源供應無法僅依靠可再生能源保障，某種程度上應該容忍傳統燃料的使用[45]。
瓦根克內希特批評朔爾茨內閣剝奪了德國經濟對廉價俄羅斯天然氣的依賴，卻沒有提供其他可負擔得起的替代能源；同樣，瓦根克內希特聯盟批評歐盟的供暖法和計劃禁售內燃機汽車，瓦根克內希特將這些政策描述為「對公民財富和財產的攻擊；這些政策考慮不周、制定粗糙，在氣候政策方面毫無用處」。該黨反對綠色政治和綠色能源，認為這些是「盲目、雜亂的生態主義行動，讓民眾的生活成本更加昂貴，卻對氣候沒有任何實際影響」[46]。
對中政策
[編輯]瓦根克內希特聯盟被描述為親中國政黨[47]。該黨也強烈支持中國共產黨的經濟和工業政策，稱其為「管理國民經濟的典範」。該黨強烈批評德國軍隊參與中國南海問題，反對在該地區部署軍艦，並呼籲進行談判[48]。
歐盟與全球化
[編輯]瓦根克內希特聯盟對全球化和歐洲一體化持高度懷疑態度，批評歐盟容易受到遊說團體影響，其決策體系不民主，並且經濟上對低收入階層不公平[49]。
該黨反對歐盟擴張，包括反對烏克蘭加入歐盟，稱烏克蘭可能成為納稅人的「無底洞」[50]。
巴以衝突
[編輯]在以色列與哈馬斯的衝突中，瓦根克內希特將加沙地帶描述為「露天監獄」[51]。在2024年8月的一次採訪中，她表示：「我將始終捍衛以色列的生存權。以色列確實有自衛權，尤其是面對哈馬斯在10月的可怕襲擊。但在加沙地帶的破壞行動早已不再是自衛。」她還表示停火是必要的[52]。
俄羅斯與烏克蘭
[編輯]瓦根克內希特聯盟的外交政策被認為是親俄主義的[53][54][55]，這一點遭到了部分人的批評[56][57][58]，但瓦根克內希特否認了這一點[11]。在2024年2月俄羅斯反對派政治人物阿列克謝·納瓦爾尼去世時，瓦根克內希特評論道：「阿列克謝·納瓦爾尼的早逝令人震驚。儘管目前仍不清楚普京的批評者死於何種原因，但有一點是明確的：納瓦爾尼是今天俄羅斯專制體制的受害者。[59]」
瓦根克內希特聯盟也被描述為反北約[60]。該黨批評向烏克蘭及其支持者提供武器，認為北約加劇了俄烏衝突[61]。瓦根克內希特認為，戰爭是由「北約擴張主義」和「西方國家不願響應普京的談判意願」所引發的；瓦根克內希特聯盟拒絕對俄羅斯實施制裁，認為這些制裁會使工人階級陷入經濟困境[62]。該黨將北約描述為「軍事主義、帝國主義的典範聯盟」[63]。2024年12月，瓦根克內希特宣佈：「我譴責這場戰爭。」她認為「發動戰爭的政治人物，這同樣適用於弗拉基米爾·普京[...]是罪犯」[64]。
在2024年春季的兩次採訪中，瓦根克內希特將她呼籲的烏克蘭與俄羅斯之間的和平談判與一個提議相聯繫，即俄羅斯佔領烏克蘭地區的居民應在聯合國監督下就其國籍進行公投。她還描述了和平協議可能的內容，她認為中國、土耳其或法國可以作為擔保國，如果俄羅斯破壞和平協議，擔保國承擔向烏克蘭提供安全保障或軍事援助的義務。她還呼籲利用格哈德·施羅德與俄羅斯總統普京進行通話來促進談判[65][66]。2024年6月，她為瓦根克內希特聯盟議員未出席烏克蘭總統澤連斯基在德國聯邦議會的演講辯護，稱烏克蘭戰爭是北約和俄羅斯之間的「代理戰爭」[67]。
政治制度
[編輯]2024年12月，德國聯邦議院決定更好地保護聯邦憲法法院免受政治攻擊。為此，法院的結構（16名法官和兩個參議院）被納入基本法[68]。多數政黨（社民黨、聯盟黨、綠黨、自民黨、左翼黨）都投了贊成票，只有極右翼的選擇黨和左翼的瓦根克內希特聯盟反對。
瓦根克內希特聯盟認為執政黨（即社民黨）擔心的是他們將在2025年聯邦議院選舉中受到懲罰，並表示將法院結構納入基本法是「非民主的」[69]。
政黨結構
[編輯]理事會
[編輯]在該黨的第一次會議上確定了理事會人選，莎拉·瓦根克內希特和阿米拉·穆罕默德·阿里被選為主席。[70]。
各州協會
[編輯]以下的州協會被建立：
| 州協會 | 主席 | 建立時間 |
|---|---|---|
| 勃蘭登堡州[71] | Robert Crumbach | 2024年5月25日 |
| 薩爾州[72] | Astrid Schwamm
Randolf Jobst |
2024年3月22日 |
| 薩克森州[73] | Sabine Zimmermann
Jörg Scheibe |
2024年2月24日 |
| 圖靈根州[74] | Katja Wolf
Steffen Schütz |
2024年3月15日 |
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Erster Bundesparteitag der Wagenknecht-Partei BSW begonnen [First federal party conference of the Wagenknecht party BSW begins]. 27 January 2024 [2024-02-11]. （原始內容存檔於2024-01-27） （德語）.
Auf der eintägigen Veranstaltung, zu der die 450 Gründungsmitglieder geladen waren, soll zunächst der Parteivorstand gewählt werden.
- ^ 2.0 2.1
- Caddle, Peter. Ex-AfD members joining new German left-wing populists' party 'unimaginable', says its chairwoman. Brussels Signal. 25 October 2023.
- Systems, Eulerpool Research. Linkspopulistische "BSW"-Partei formiert sich [Left-wing populist "BSW" party forms]. Eulerpool Research Systems. 9 January 2024 （德語）.
- Wagenknecht-Partei laut erster Umfrage bei zwölf Prozent – Koalitionen schwierig [Wagenknecht party at twelve per cent according to first poll - coalitions difficult]. Der Standard. 24 October 2023 （德語）.
Die Umfrage bestätigt allerdings, was bisherige Befragungen schon deutlich gemacht hatten: dass eine linkspopulistische Bewegung unter Sahra Wagenknecht das Potenzial hat, die Parteienlandschaft in Deutschland massiv aufzumischen.
- Münchau, Wolfgang. Sahra Wagenknecht's new left-populist party should be taken seriously. New Statesman. 25 October 2023.
- Scally, Derek. German Linke rebel walks out to form new left-wing populist party. The Irish Times. 23 October 2023.
- ^ 3.0 3.1
- Ziedler, Christopher. Vermögenssteuer statt Zuwanderung: So sieht Wagenknechts links-nationales Angebot aus [Wealth tax instead of immigration: this is what Wagenknecht's left-wing nationalist offer looks like]. Der Tagesspiegel. 21 January 2024 （德語）.
- Lentsch, Josef. How the nationalist left could succeed in Germany: Sahra Wagenknecht's breakthrough. PartyParty. 19 October 2023.
- Nieuwe 'anti-woke' partij in Duitsland kan rekenen op veel stemmen [New 'anti-woke' party in Germany can count on many votes]. Nieuw Rechts （荷蘭語）.
Met haar links-nationalistische focus kan Wagenknecht stemmen winnen bij zowel linkse als rechtse kiezers die ontevreden zijn over de huidige politiek in Duitsland.
- Fix, Liana; Kapp, Caroline. Why Vladimir Putin Is Embracing Germany's Far Right. The Atlantic. 31 October 2023.
To make things worse, a new nationalist left-wing party just launched by the charismatic politician Sahra Wagenknecht echoes some of the AfD’s positions on Russia.
- Tomlinson, Chris. New Left-Wing Nationalist Party May Not Run in German State Elections. The European Conservative. 29 December 2023.
- ^ 4.0 4.1
- Alipour, Nick. Ziel Europawahl: Wagenknechts neue Partei will mit EU-Kritik triumphieren [Aiming for the European elections: Wagenknecht's new party wants to triumph with EU criticism]. EURACTIV. 由Carmen Diaz Rodriguez翻譯. 24 October 2023 （德語）.
Ihre Mischung aus sozialkonservativer und sozialistisch orientierter Wirtschaftspolitik sei bei Anti-Establishment- und rechten Wählern beliebt, sagte der Politikwissenschaftler Constantin Wurthmann kürzlich in einem Interview mit Euractiv.
- Müller-Vogg, Hugo. Stimmen zur neuen Wagenknecht-Partei [Voices on the new Wagenknecht party]. Focus. 24 October 2023 [29 October 2023]. （原始內容存檔於30 October 2023） （德語）.
Nationalismus scheint für Wagenknecht nicht mehr, wie bisher, der böse Gegner zu sein, sondern Mittel und Zweck, um Menschen für ihre Art von Sozialismus zu mobilisieren. National und sozialistisch, gepaart mit einer einzelnen Person als Dreh- und Angelpunkt, dazu noch eine Entourage aus im Bundestag bisher weitestgehend Ausgegrenzten, man könnte auch schreiben: Claqueuren, Spinnern und Querulanten.
|work=和|website=只需其一 (幫助) - Koydl, Wolfgang. Sahra Wagenknechts neue Partei ist ein Ein-Frau-Projekt. Ohne sie verpufft es rückstandslos. Kommt das gut? [Sahra Wagenknecht's new party is a one-woman project. Without her, it will fizzle out without a trace. Will that work?]. Die Weltwoche. 23 October 2023 （德語）.
Hier national, dort sozialistisch – kein Wunder, dass die Medien Sahras Bündnis verschreckt dann doch lieber «linkskonservativ» nennen.
- Tutt, Cordula. Die Kritikerin des Kapitalismus [The critic of capitalism]. Wirtschaftswoche. 23 October 2023 （德語）.
Die Wirtschaftspolitik der neuen Partei dürfte nach innen eher sozialistisch ausgerichtet sein. „Soziale Gerechtigkeit「 wollen zwar so ziemlich alle Parteien in Deutschland, doch verstehen sie Unterschiedliches.
- Foster, John. When Left is Right: The Sahra Wagenknecht Experience. The Battleground. 3 November 2023.
To be fair, Wagenknecht is still a socialist. But what sort of socialism? The kind obsessively focused on questions of the national.
- Casdorff, Stephan-Andreas. Sahra Wagenknecht gründet ihre Partei: Die Vergangenheit lässt grüßen [Sahra Wagenknecht founds her party: The past sends its regards]. Der Tagesspiegel. 8 January 2024 （德語）.
Dazu Wagenknecht mit ihrer Ausstrahlung, verbal-radikal sozialistisch, wenn es (ihr) passt, mit kühler Rhetorik gegen die da oben und die Ampel-Koalition – und es wird ungemütlich für Rechte und Linke.
- Quadbeck, Eva. Wagenknecht unter Zugzwang [Wagenknecht under pressure to move]. RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland. 12 September 2023 （德語）.
Inhaltlich muss man sich eine solche Partei schillernd wie ihre Anführerin selbst vorstellen, wechselnd zwischen links- und rechtspopulistischen Tönen: national in der Außen- und Migrationspolitik, sozialistisch in der Sozial- und Wirtschaftspolitik, konservativ in der Gesellschaftspolitik und russlandfreundlich.
- Lachniet, Manfred. Maaßen: "Wahlergebnis weit hinter den Erwartungen zurückgeblieben". Junge Freiheit. 2 September 2024 （德語）.
Die sozialistische Wagenknecht-Partei habe einen medialen Rückenwind genossen und verfüge über eine gänzlich andere organisatorische und finanzielle Ausgangssituation.
- Eckner, Constantin. What the AfD's 'historic victory' means for Germany. The Spectator. 2 September 2024.
The party was handed a boost by Sahra Wagenknecht’s decision to quit the far-left party Die Linke and set up her own alliance. Wagenknecht’s newly-formed outfit has adopted anti-immigration policies and promoted a rather conservative worldview. At the same time, Wagenknecht still represents socialist positions in socio-economic matters.
- Mehrer, Angela; Puglierin, Jana. War, peace, and populism: How Germany's extremist parties are shaping its foreign policy debate. Note from Berlin. European Council on Foreign Relations. 10 September 2024.
The socialist and culturally conservative Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) – only founded in January this year – came third in both states, winning more votes combined than the parties of the governing 「traffic-light」 coalition.
- Anheier, Helmut K. Will the German Center Hold?. Project Syndicate. Berlin. 5 September 2024.
Such historical references probably carry little weight with AfD voters or those who cast ballots for the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW), a pro-Russian, anti-American socialist movement that is willfully oblivious to the atrocities committed by Russian President Vladimir Putin’s army in Ukraine.
- Hoff, Henning. The Self-Declared "Stability Anchor" Looks Adrift. Internationale Politik. Berlin. 20 September 2024.
The heated political situation, however, underpinned by strong showings in recent regional elections by the far-right Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) and, to a lesser extent, the new nationalist, pro-Russia, anti-immigration with socialist economic policies Sahra Wagenknecht Movement (BSW) has caused the government to act chaotically.
- Stock, Oliver. "Bunte sozialistische Wundertüte": Was Unternehmer von Sahra Wagenknechts Wirtschaftsprogramm halten. Business Punk. 14 October 2024 （德語）.
Wie jede sozialistische Partei möchte sich auch das BSW das Recht vorbehalten, selbst über Subventionen zu steuern, umzuverteilen und zu privilegieren.
- Alipour, Nick. Ziel Europawahl: Wagenknechts neue Partei will mit EU-Kritik triumphieren [Aiming for the European elections: Wagenknecht's new party wants to triumph with EU criticism]. EURACTIV. 由Carmen Diaz Rodriguez翻譯. 24 October 2023 （德語）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1
- Thomeczek, Jan Philipp. The Voting Potential of Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht. Political Studies Review. 2024: 1. doi:10.1177/14789299241264975.
A new challenger seeks to enter the German party system: Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht. With her new party, former Die Linke politician Sahra Wagenknecht combines a left-authoritarian profile (economically left-leaning, but culturally conservative) with anti-US, pro-Russia and anti-elitist stances.
- Herold, Maik; Cyrill, Otteni. A New Left-conservative Competitor in the German Party System? the Supporters of 'bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht' (BSW) and Their Ideological Positions. OSF Preprints. 2024: 1. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/8EZQW.
With a unique blend of economically left and culturally conservative positions, the BSW appeals to a substantial proportion of the electorate, particularly in eastern Germany.
- 'Extreme resurgence': Is polarised Europe getting ungovernable as centrist space shrinks?. Daiji World. 3 September 2024.
It had previously eschewed an alliance with the left-wing Die Linke, which has 12 seats, and the only other alternative is the 15 members of the Sara Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW), formed this year by former Die Linke members and politically further to the left, though culturally conservative. The CDU is unlikely to be keen on them too.
- Parker, Jessica. Far right eyes political earthquake as Germans head to the polls. BBC. 31 August 2024.
Meanwhile another insurgent party – the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) – has catapulted itself in the polls up to third place in this state. Ms Wagenknecht, a former communist and long one of the most prominent politicians in eastern Germany, has had success in blending cultural conservatism with economically left-wing policies.
- Fazi, Thomas. Who's afraid of Sahra Wagenknecht? Germany's 'left-conservative' has redefined populism. UnHerd. 31 August 2024.
In short, this means it mixes demands that would once have been associated with the socialist-labour Left — interventionist and redistributive government policies to regulate capitalist market forces, higher pensions and minimum wages, generous welfare and social security policies, taxes on wealth — with positions that today would be characterised as culturally conservative: first and foremost, a recognition of the importance of preserving and fostering traditions, stability, security and a sense of community.
- Mehrer, Angela; Puglierin, Jana. War, peace, and populism: How Germany's extremist parties are shaping its foreign policy debate. Note from Berlin. European Council on Foreign Relations. 10 September 2024.
The socialist and culturally conservative Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) – only founded in January this year – came third in both states, winning more votes combined than the parties of the governing 「traffic-light」 coalition.
- Thomeczek, Jan Philipp. The Voting Potential of Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht. Political Studies Review. 2024: 1. doi:10.1177/14789299241264975.
- ^ 6.0 6.1
- Philipp Fritz; Klaus Geiger; Virginia Kirst; Martina Meister; Mandoline Rutkowski. Hier finden sich Hinweise auf Wagenknechts Erfolgschancen [Here are some indications of Wagenknecht's chances of success]. Die Welt. 27 October 2023 （德語）.
"Auch hier zeigt sich eine Parallele zu Wagenknecht, die ihre Partei explizit sozialkonservativ ausrichtet und sich gegen von ihr als „woke"...
- Tlusty, Ann-Kristin. Vom Planeten Wagenknecht [From planet Wagenknecht]. Die Zeit. 8 January 2024 （德語）.
Neben Wagenknechts Haltungen zu Migration, Pandemie, Russland, Sozial- und Wirtschaftspolitik gibt es einen weiteren Aspekt, den ihre Anhängerinnen oft als Grund ihrer Sympathie nennen: Wagenknechts gesellschaftspolitischen Konservatismus, ihre Kritik an den sogenannten Lifestyle-Linken.
- Alipour, Nick. Germany's left-wing rebel launches populist party to run in EU elections. EURACTIV. 23 October 2023.
Her mix of socially conservative and socialist-leaning economic policies is popular among anti-establishment and right-leaning voters, political scientist Constantin Wurthmann told Euractiv in a recent interview.
- Hildebrandt, Tim. Germany Has a New Player in Left-Wing Politics. Where Does It Stand on China?. The Diplomat. 3 November 2023.
In contrast, Wagenknecht and the BSW embody a distinct strain of left-wing politics, marked by a leaning towards social conservatism which could lead to a closer alignment with entities like the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Wagenknecht, who earned a Ph.D. in economics, has previously lauded the CCP’s economic and industrial policies, holding China as an exemplary model for how to manage a national economy.
- Knight, Ben. Wagenknecht: A far-left challenge to Germany's far-right AfD. Deutsche Welle. 23 October 2023 [24 October 2023]. （原始內容存檔於24 October 2023）.
Some analysts say Wagenknecht is offering something that has never been seen before in Germany: Conservative social values allied with socialist economic values.
- Philipp Fritz; Klaus Geiger; Virginia Kirst; Martina Meister; Mandoline Rutkowski. Hier finden sich Hinweise auf Wagenknechts Erfolgschancen [Here are some indications of Wagenknecht's chances of success]. Die Welt. 27 October 2023 （德語）.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Knight, Ben. Wagenknecht: A far-left challenge to Germany's far-right AfD. Deutsche Welle. 23 October 2023 [24 October 2023]. （原始內容存檔於24 October 2023）.
- ^ 8.0 8.1
- Alipour, Nick. The mystery of Europe's new 'left conservative' group. Euractiv. 28 May 2024.
Manuel Müller, a European politics expert at the Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA), told Euractiv that BSW represents 「Eurosceptic left-conservatism」.
- Marsh, Sarah. Germany's upcoming state elections: what to watch for. Reuters. 30 August 2024.
Both the AfD and the BSW are eurosceptic, anti-immigration, Russia-friendly and against military support for Ukraine.
- Deconinck, Carl. Germany's new party BSW comes out all guns blazing. Brussels Signal. 17 January 2024.
The title of 「biggest Eurosceptic party in Germany」 can go to BSW, observers say, with a programme that would likely make left-liberal progressives faint if its policies were to become reality.
- Becker, Max; von Ondarza, Nicolai. Germany: A More Polarised, Politicised, But Also Potentially More National-Focused Election Campaign (PDF). CIDOB Monographs (Barcelona Centre for International Affairs). 2024, 88: 69–73. ISBN 978-84-18977-22-0.
In addition, the weakness of the traffic light coalition went together with a rise of the AfD, but also of a new populist party from the left (Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht, BSW), which also has a clear Eurosceptic programme.
- von Harrach, Georg. Far-right win German state election for the first time. Channel 4 News. 2 September 2024.
Although BSW is at the other end of the political spectrum, the two parties share a Eurosceptic, anti-immigration, populist stance. Both also advocate cutting off military aid to Ukraine.
- Alipour, Nick. The mystery of Europe's new 'left conservative' group. Euractiv. 28 May 2024.
- ^ Parteien nach 1989. www.teachsam.de. [2024-01-09]. （原始內容存檔於2024-01-09）.
- ^ Sahra Wagenknecht: German politician launches 'left-wing conservative' party. 2024-01-08 [2024-03-18]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-10） （英國英語）.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Germany's far-left star quits post-Communists to found populist party. Reuters. 23 October 2023 [24 October 2023]. （原始內容存檔於23 October 2023）.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Schuetze, Christopher F. Leftist Upstart Threatens to Shake up German Politics With Her Own. The New York Times. 23 October 2023 [24 October 2023]. ISSN 1553-8095. （原始內容存檔於24 October 2023）.
- ^
- Germany's European Election Results: Key Takeaways. Martens Centre. [2024-08-31] （美國英語）.
Nothing could be further away from the political programme if one carefully reads the BSW programme, which is pro-Russian, anti-capitalist, and anti-Western
- Thomeczek, J. Philipp. Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht (BSW): Left-Wing Authoritarian—and Populist? An Empirical Analysis. Politische Vierteljahresschrift. 2024-09-01, 65 (3): 535–552. ISSN 1862-2860. doi:10.1007/s11615-024-00544-z
（英語）. In the text, Wagenknecht shows strong anti-capitalist stances and describes the behaviour of economic elites (Wirtschaftseliten) as 「irresponsible and immoral.」
- The Week UK. Sahra Wagenknecht: changing the face of German politics. TheWeek. 2023-11-11 [2024-08-31] （英語）.
Wagenknecht is a true anti-capitalist who wants to soak the rich and expand the welfare state.
- Eckner, Constantin. Will Germany's new left-wing party challenge the AfD?. The Spectator. 2023-10-23 [2024-08-31] （英國英語）.
Over the past decade, Wagenknecht has become one of the most well-known left-wing politicians in Germany, regularly assuming anti-capitalist positions and thereby becoming an icon of the extreme left
- Oferte electorale est-germane - între putinofilie, anti-capitalism şi xenofobie ["East German electoral offers - between putinophilia, anti-capitalism and xenophobia"]. RFI. 2024-08-09 [2024-08-31] （羅馬尼亞語）.
În plină ascensiune se află şi formaţiunea naţional-populistă şi anti-capitalistă, Uniunea Sarah Wagenknecht (BSW).
- Moreau, Patrick. The emergence of a conservative left in Germany: the Sahra Wagenknecht alliance – reason and justice (BSW). Fondapol. February 2024 [2024-09-04].
For historians of the Weimar period, the Wagenknecht programme is reminiscent of National-Bolshevism in Germany in the 1930s, a thesis defended by the political scientist Peter R. Neumann49. The comparison is tempting: the fascination with Russia, the desire to break away from the capitalist system, the 「anti-imperialist」 nationalism, the redistribution of wealth and economic interventionist socialism, an ideological straddle between the nationalist right and communism…
- Baszak, Gregor. The Left-wing maverick who could stop the AfD. UnHerd. 2023-10-09 [2024-09-15] （英國英語）.
Still, she continues to appeal to popular anti-capitalist sentiments.
- Germany's European Election Results: Key Takeaways. Martens Centre. [2024-08-31] （美國英語）.
- ^ Gwyn Jones, Mared. Élections européennes : ce qu'il faut savoir sur les principaux enjeux nationaux. Euronews. 4 June 2024 [21 September 2024].
- ^ Eckner, Constantin. What the AfD's 'historic victory' means for Germany. The Spectator. 2 September 2024.
- ^ Marsh, Sarah. Germany's upcoming state elections: what to watch for. Reuters. 30 August 2024 [21 September 2024].
- ^ von Harrach, Georg. Far-right win German state election for the first time. Channel 4 News. 2 September 2024.
- ^ [14][15][16][17]
- ^ 19.0 19.1 Head of German state of Saxony says deal with populist BSW 'possible'. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 2 September 2024.
That makes the BSW, which finished third with 11.8% of the vote, a crucial potential partner. The party has campaigned on a mix of opposition to immigration, far-left economic policies and right-wing stances on some social issues such as gender policy.
- ^ Alipour, Nick. Germany's left-wing rebel launches populist party to run in EU elections. Euractiv.com. 23 October 2023 [24 October 2023]. （原始內容存檔於24 October 2023）.
- ^ Wondreys, Jakub; March, Luke; Pytlas, Bartek. 'My enemy's enemy is my friend'? European radical left parties' response to Russia's war in Ukraine. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations (Political Studies Association). 28 September 2024: 18. doi:10.1177/13691481241284204.
- ^ Politologe: Könnte AfD gefährlich werden. ZDF. 23 October 2023 [29 October 2023]. （原始內容存檔於28 October 2023） （德語）.
- ^ Lechts oder rinks? Das Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht im Parteienwettbewerb (PDF). FES Impuls (Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung). December 2023: 1–4. ISBN 978-3-98628-355-1 （德語）.
- ^ Holzhauser, Thorsten. Nicht links oder rechts, sondern beides? Das Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht nach der Europawahl (PDF). Paris: Ifri. 2024 [27 July 2024]. ISBN 979-10-373-0886-3.
- ^ Schack, Ramon. Hajo Funke über Wagenknecht-Partei: "Ich verstehe nicht, wie Medien von rechtsoffen sprechen können". Berliner Zeitung. 25 February 2024 （德語）.
- ^ Kowalczuk, Ilko-Sascha. Freiheitsschock: eine andere Geschichte Ostdeutschlands von 1989 bis heute 1. bis 4. Auflage 2024. München: C.H.Beck. 2024. ISBN 978-3-406-82213-1.
- ^ Die Diktatur der Mehrheit. www.dbwv.de. [2024-12-19] （de-DE）.
- ^
- Szumski, Charles. Owen Morgan , 編. Regional elections in Germany cause European stir. Euractiv. 2 September 2024.
French MEP Manon Aubry of La France Insoumise (The Left) said the AfD’s success, along with the strong showing of the far-left BSW party led by Sahra Wagenknecht, reflected a polarised political landscape in Germany and in Europe.
- Brady, Kate; Faiola, Anthony. Far right set to win in a German state for the first time since WWII. Washington Post. 1 September 2024.
The additional success of the far-left BSW, only founded in January, could reshape German politics, with the party having the potential to scoop up voters from across the political spectrum in next year’s national vote.
- Marsh, Sarah. Germany far-right party could win first state in eastern regional elections. Reuters. 1 September 2024.
New far-left BSW could become kingmaker.
- Chazan, Guy. Far-right Alternative for Germany wins first regional election. Financial Times. Berlin. 2 September 2024.
The AfD is not the only beneficiary of local residents』 anger: they also voted in large numbers for a new far-left party, the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW), which won 15.8 per cent in Thuringia and 11.8 per cent in Saxony.
- Erlanger, Steven; Schuetze, Christopher F. East Germans Lean Toward Extremes in State Elections. New York Times. Berlin. 1 September 2024.
But if the Christian Democrats must turn to the far-left BSW for a coalition partner, they may find these negotiations awkward because Ms. Wagenknecht, who is not running for office on the state level, has insisted that any coalition partner accept her position on Ukraine, calling for an end to German aid to Kyiv and rapid negotiations to try to end the war.
- Bharadwaj, Apurva. Germany's Far-Right Poised To Win Regional Elections. NDTV. 1 September 2024.
Opinion polls have indicated that the AfD is ahead in Thuringia and a close second in Saxony. Another party, the far-left BSW, is also getting a strong upstart, the opinion polls showed.
- Jackson, James; Cleave, Iona; Kelly, Kieran. German far-Right to win first state election since Nazi era. The Daily Telegraph. Berlin. 1 September 2024.
The preliminary results showed large increases for both the far-Right AfD and the far-Left BSW in the eastern German state, while the Greens suffered heavy losses.
- Stroud, Liv. Germany grapples with far-right surge as AfD wins state election. Euronews. 3 September 2024.
In Thuringia, none of the established parties managed to secure an absolute majority or even a coalition majority, and the main question remains whether the AfD can form a coalition with the far-left Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) or the conservative CDU.
- von der Burchard, Hans; Posaner, Joshua. German far right seizes on knife attack ahead of crucial state elections. The Politico. Berlin. 24 August 2024.
The AfD is attacking not only the ruling coalition of Chancellor Olaf Scholz’s Social Democrats, the Greens and the Free Democrats, but also the two main opposition parties, the center-right CDU/CSU and the far-left Sahra Wagenknecht alliance, which are the AfD’s main opponents in both state elections.
- Cole, Deborah. 'A test case for German democracy': populists ride high before state elections. The Guardian. Erfurt. 29 August 2024.
The campaign has included the remarkable rise of an eight-month-old party built around a veteran far-left firebrand, the Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht (Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance).
- Rogers, Iain. German Far-Left Leader Turns Power Broker After State Votes. Bloomberg News. 2 September 2024.
Sahra Wagenknecht and her new BSW alliance of the far left are set to play a key role in keeping the Alternative for Germany out of power in Thuringia despite the far-right party’s victory in Sunday’s state election there.
- Edwards, Christian; Otto, Claudio; Otto, Matties; Schmidt, Nadine. AfD becomes first far-right party to win German state election since 1945. CNN. 2 September 2024.
In another worrying development for Germany’s mainstream, the fledgling Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) – a far-left party that has questioned the country’s support for Ukraine and shares some of the AfD’s anti-immigration streak – came third in both states, despite only being founded earlier this year.
- Macdougal, John. Election outcome highlights Germany's Ukraine war problem. Radio France Internationale. Berlin. 2 September 2024.
A new far-left party, BSW, also made a big impact in the polls, having run on a ticket of peace negotiations with Russia and opposition to the planned stationing of US missiles in Germany.
- German Chancellor Scholz calls on parties to isolate far right. Le Monde. Paris. 2 September 2024.
Sahra Wagenknecht, who heads the far-left BSW, said her party "cannot work together" with Höcke and has long ruled out a coalition with the AfD.
- Colborne, Femke. Election outcome highlights Germany's Ukraine war problem. The Manhattan Mercury. 2 September 2024.
A new far-left party, BSW, also made a big impact in the polls, having run on a ticket of peace negotiations with Russia and opposition to the planned stationing of US missiles in Germany.
- Ridgwell, Henry. German far-right surge raises doubts about Berlin's support for Ukraine. Voice of America. 3 September 2024.
The newly formed far-left BSW party was in third place with 15.8%. The AfD came in second in the neighboring state of Saxony, just behind the Christian Democrats.
- Axelrod, Toby. Far-right party wins German state election for first time since the Nazi era. The Forward. 3 September 2024.
A far-left party, Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance or BSW, also produced notable results, coming in third in Thuringia with 15.8% of the vote.
- Today in Germany: A round-up of the latest news on Tuesday. The Local. 3 September 2024.
Saxony's Prime Minister Michael Kretschmer (CDU) on Monday further ruled out working with the second-placed AfD and said the party is considering a coalition with the SPD and the new Sahra Wagenknecht alliance (BSW) - the far-left party named after its founder.
- Waterfield, Bruno; Moody, Oliver. Germany election results: hard-right AfD set to win Thuringia. The Times. 2 September 2024.
In another blow to the political mainstream, the newly created far-left populist Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW), named after its founder, a former communist, came in third place in both regions on 14.5 per cent and 11.5 per cent of the vote.
- Burmeister, Julian. Wie Deutschland international gesehen wird: Gibt es ein neues Image nach den Wahlen?. Südwestrundfunk. 3 September 2024 （德語）.
Die Partei „Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht「 wird von der internationalen Presse fast durchweg als linksextrem charakterisiert.
- McGuinness, Damien. Germany's one million Syrians at centre of fierce debate over their future. BBC. Berlin. 10 December 2024.
Sahra Wagenknecht, who this year set up a new anti-migrant far-left populist party, echoed the AfD's rhetoric.
- Rogers, Iain. Scholz Gains Ground on Conservative Challenger Merz in New Poll. BNN Bloomberg. 6 December 2024.
The Greens are fourth with 13.5% and the BSW — a new far-left party founded in January — fifth at 6%.
- Pitel, Laura; Nilsson, Patricia. German job cuts darken mood of election campaign. Financial Times. Berlin and Frankfurt. 3 December 2024.
Münch warned that the fearful climate posed a threat to all mainstream parties at a time when the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD), which is second in the polls, and a new entrant, the far-left Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW), have claimed successes in some recent regional elections.
- McGuinness, Damien. German Chancellor Olaf Scholz loses confidence vote. BBC. Berlin. 16 December 2024.
Another new populist political party could also get into parliament for the first time, the anti-migrant nativist far-left Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance BSW, which is named after its firebrand Marxist leader.
- Szumski, Charles. Owen Morgan , 編. Regional elections in Germany cause European stir. Euractiv. 2 September 2024.
- ^ Delfs, Arne. New German Far-Left Party Aims to Challenge Scholz's Coalition. Bloomberg News. 23 October 2023 [23 October 2023]. （原始內容存檔於23 October 2023）.
- ^ Hoyer, Katja. The rise of Reform could make Britain ungovernable – look to Germany to see why. The Daily Telegraph. 19 March 2024.
We’re now in a position where the far-right Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) is polling as the second largest political party while a new far-Left party, headed by the former communist Sahra Wagenknecht, is also projected to take up seats in the next German parliament.
- ^
- Adler, Nils. Not just AfD: What's the BSW, Germany's rising populist left party?. Al Jazeera. 25 September 2024.
The BSW belongs on the left – the hard left, even.
- Waterfield, Bruno. Brandenburg election: Olaf Scholz's SPD narrowly defeats hard-right AfD. The Times. 23 September 2024.
As well as consolidating the status of the AfD as a new force in German politics, the vote secured a kingmaker role for the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW), a new socially-conservative, anti-immigration hard-left party.
- Adler, Nils. Not just AfD: What's the BSW, Germany's rising populist left party?. Al Jazeera. 25 September 2024.
- ^ New left-wing German political party headed by Sahra Wagenknecht could draw votes from far-right AfD. Euronews.com. 23 October 2023 [23 October 2023]. （原始內容存檔於23 October 2023）.
- ^ Connolly, Kate. Anti-immigration leftists have potential to upend German political scene. The Guardian. 2024-09-02 [2024-10-13]. ISSN 0261-3077 （英國英語）.
- ^ Boris Herrmann; Angelika Slavik. "Natürlich nicht rechts". Süddeutsche Zeitung. 25 October 2023 （德語）.
- ^ Warum Sahra Wagenknecht ihre neue Partei nicht links nennen will. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 27 October 2023 [30 October 2023]. ISSN 0174-4909. （原始內容存檔於29 October 2023） （德語）.
- ^ Gersemann, Olaf. 'Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht': Etwas stimmt nicht an der Wagenknecht-Rechnung. Die Welt. 27 October 2023 [30 October 2023]. ISSN 0173-8437. （原始內容存檔於30 October 2023） （德語）.
- ^ Thomeczek, J. Philipp. Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht (BSW): Left-Wing Authoritarian—and Populist? An Empirical Analysis. Politische Vierteljahresschrift. 2024, 65 (3): 546–547. doi:10.1007/s11615-024-00544-z .
- ^ Moreau, Patrick. The Emergence of a Conservative Left in Germany: the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance – Reason and Justice (BSW) (PDF). Foundation for Political Innovation: 21–22. 2024.
- ^ Wagner, Sarah. Sahra Wagenknecht's BSW: a new party shaking up German politics. UK in a Changing Europe. 20 September 2024.
Formed in January this year after much speculation, the party’s unique appeal lies in its anti-immigration stance and conservative cultural positions, such as scepticism towards gender-inclusive language and trans rights.
- ^ 40.0 40.1 Angelos, James. Is Germany's rising superstar so far left she's far right?. Politico. 26 August 2024.
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- ^ 42.0 42.1 Dostal, Jörg Michael. Left Conservatism: Sahra Wagenknecht's Challenge to the German Party System. The Political Quarterly (John Wiley & Sons Ltd). 18 August 2024, 95 (4): 634–644. ISSN 1467-923X. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.13447 .
- ^ Koall, Carsten. Sahra Wagenknecht befürwortet Genderverbote an Schulen. Die Welt. 12 April 2024 （德語）.
- ^ Serif, Moritz. Wagenknecht stellt These auf: "Wärmepumpen klimapolitisch völliger Nonsens". Frankfurter Rundschau. 26 March 2023 （德語）.
- ^ Behrent, Michael C. The Rise of the Conservative Left. Discourse Magazine. 9 October 2024.
- ^ Meza, Edgar. Former German Left Party MP launches new party, takes aim at energy policies. Clean Energy Wire. 9 January 2024.
- ^ Burleigh, Michael. Germany's far right is on the rise – but this is not the 1930s. iNews. 2 September 2024.
- ^ Hildebrandt, Tim. Germany Has a New Player in Left-Wing Politics. Where Does It Stand on China?. The Diplomat. 3 November 2023.
- ^ Moreau, Patrick. The Emergence of a Conservative Left in Germany: the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance – Reason and Justice (BSW) (PDF). Foundation for Political Innovation: 21–22. 2024.
- ^ BSW Kurzwahlprogramm für die Bundestagswahl 2025 (PDF). Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht. 2025: 8.
Einen EU-Erweiterungsstopp, was auch für die Ukraine gelten muss, die ansonsten noch mehr zum Fass ohne Boden für die deutschen Steuerzahler wird.
- ^ Scally, Derek. German Linke rebel walks out to form new left-wing populist party. The Irish Times. 23 October 2023 [24 October 2023]. ISSN 0791-5144. （原始內容存檔於24 October 2023）.
- ^ Germany's Wagenknecht rejects claims she stirs up anti-Israel hatred. Yahoo News. DPA. [16 October 2024].
- ^ BSW-Parteitag: EU-kritisch, pro-russisch und wertkonservativ. Norddeutscher Rundfunk. 27 January 2024.
- ^ What Is New "Pro-russian" Party in Germany, and Why Does It Pose Risks?. European Pravda. 3 November 2023.
- ^ BSW-Parteitag: Wie moskautreu ist das Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht?. RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland. 5 December 2023.
- ^ Wagenknecht und AfD unter dem Einfluss von Putin und dem Kreml?. Euronews.com. 22 April 2023 [24 October 2023]. （原始內容存檔於24 October 2023） （德語）.
- ^ Hesse, Michael. Historiker über Wagenknecht: "Putinsche Stimme in Deutschland". Frankfurter Rundschau. 18 September 2023 [29 October 2023]. ISSN 0940-6980. （原始內容存檔於25 October 2023） （德語）.
- ^ Anastasiadis, Georg. Weg von den USA, hin zu Russland: Wagenknechts gefährliches Abenteuer [Away from the USA and towards Russia: Wagenknecht's dangerous adventure]. Münchner Merkur. 24 October 2023 [29 October 2023]. （原始內容存檔於25 October 2023） （德語）.
- ^ "Putin ist eine Bestie": Die Reaktionen zum mutmaßlichen Tod von Alexej Nawalny. Der Tagesspiegel Online. [2024-12-19]. ISSN 1865-2263 （de-DE）.
- ^ Knight, Ben. What is Germany's populist BSW party?. Deutsche Welle. 2 September 2024.
- ^ Wagenknecht-Partei: Chancen, Inhalte und Folgen. Deutschlandfunk. 23 October 2023 [23 October 2023]. （原始內容存檔於25 October 2023） （德語）.
- ^ Wondreys, Jakub; March, Luke; Pytlas, Bartek. 'My enemy's enemy is my friend'? European radical left parties' response to Russia's war in Ukraine. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations (Political Studies Association). 28 September 2024: 10–12. doi:10.1177/13691481241284204.
- ^ Wondreys, Jakub; March, Luke; Pytlas, Bartek. 'My enemy's enemy is my friend'? European radical left parties' response to Russia's war in Ukraine. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations (Political Studies Association). 28 September 2024: 16. doi:10.1177/13691481241284204.
- ^ Sahra Wagenknecht: BSW-Politikerin bezeichnet Wladimir Putin als Verbrecher. Der Spiegel. 2024-12-19 [2024-12-19]. ISSN 2195-1349 （德語）.
- ^ Sahra Wagenknecht zu AfD: Alice Weidel vertritt keine rechtsextremen Positionen. FAZ.NET. 2024-02-24 [2024-12-19] （德語）.
- ^ "Putin hat schon oft gelogen" – BSW-Vorsitzende Sahra Wagenknecht im t-online-Interview. t-online. 2024-04-12 [2024-12-19] （德語）.
- ^ Daniel, Isabelle. Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht: Sahra Wagenknecht verteidigt Boykott von Selenskyj-Rede im Bundestag. Die Zeit. 2024-06-13 [2024-12-19]. ISSN 0044-2070 （de-DE）.
- ^ Warum das Bundesverfassungsgericht gestärkt werden soll. tagesschau.de. [2024-12-19] （德語）.
- ^ "Bundesverfassungsgericht schützen: Überparteilichkeit bewahren!" | Amira Mohamed Ali. [2024-12-19] （德語）.
- ^ » Parteivorstand. [2024-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2024-11-23） （de-DE）.
- ^ Lassiwe, Benjamin. BSW-Gründung in Schwedt: 36 Mitglieder, 13 Prozent. www.nordkurier.de. 2024-05-25 [2024-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2024-05-25） （德語）.
- ^ Rundfunk, Saarländischer. Vorstand von neuem Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht im Saarland gewählt. SR.de. 2024-03-22 [2024-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2024-06-17） （德語）.
- ^ Fenker, Iven Yorick; dpa. Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht: BSW gründet ersten Landesverband in Sachsen. Die Zeit. 2024-02-24 [2024-06-11]. ISSN 0044-2070. （原始內容存檔於2024-03-12） （de-DE）.
- ^ mdr.de. Thüringer BSW-Landesverband gegründet: Katja Wolf in der Doppelspitze | MDR.DE. www.mdr.de. [2024-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2024-09-28） （德語）.
外部連結
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