鍺酸鹽

在化學中，鍺酸鹽（英語：germanate）是含有鍺的含氧陰離子的化合物。在無機化合物的命名中，鍺酸作後綴時，則代表中心為鍺原子的多原子陰離子，^[1]例如六氟鍺酸鉀，K₂GeF₆。^[2]

鍺酸鹽的含氧化合物

鍺類似於矽，它可以形成許多含有{GeO₄}^[2]四面體單位的化合物，但它也可以有5^[3]和6^[2]的配位數。所有主要矽酸鹽和鋁矽酸鹽（英語：Aluminosilicate）的類似物都已被製備。^[4]比如，Mg₂GeO₄（晶狀如橄欖石和尖晶石）、CaGeO₃（鈣鈦礦結構）和Be₂GeO₄（矽鈹石（英語：phenakite）結構）都與對應的矽酸鹽有所類似。^[4]^[5] BaGe₄O₉結構複雜，含有配位數位4和6的鍺原子。^[5]鍺酸鹽在地球科學十分重要，因為它們的結構與矽酸鹽相似，在研究地幔中的矽酸鹽礦物的行為時可用作類似物。^[6]例如，MnGeO₃有輝石型結構，與MgSiO₃相似，而這個矽酸鹽是重要的地幔礦物。^[7]^[8]^[9]

鍺酸鹽的水溶液

鹼金屬的原鍺酸鹽，M₄GeO₄，都單獨含有GeO4−
4離子。它們會形成含有GeO(OH)−
3、GeO
2(OH)2−
2和[(Ge(OH)₄)₈(OH)₃]³⁻的酸性溶液。^[2]二氧化鍺的中性溶液含有Ge(OH)₄，但在pH高的環境下，諸如GeO(OH)−
3和GeO
2(OH)2−
2的鍺酸根離子會出現。^[10]

參見

鍺酸鉍 (bismuth germanium oxide, BGO)
鍺酸鈉
鍺酸鏷(IV)

參考文獻

^ Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 2005 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） – Full text (PDF)
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN 0123526515
^ Nguyen, Quang Bac; Lii, Kwang-Hwa. Cs₄UGe₈O₂₀: A Tetravalent Uranium Germanate Containing Four- and Five-Coordinate Germanium. Inorganic Chemistry. 2011, 50 (20): 9936–9938. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 21939186. doi:10.1021/ic201789f.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Encyclopedia of alkaline earth compounds R.C Ropp, Elsevier 2013 ISBN 978-0-444-59550-8
^ Ringwood, A.E. Phase transformations and the constitution of the mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 1970, 3: 109–155. Bibcode:1970PEPI....3..109R. ISSN 0031-9201. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(70)90047-6.
^ Ringwood, A. E.; Seabrook, Merren. Some High-pressure Transformations in Pyroxenes. Nature. 1962, 196 (4857): 883–884. Bibcode:1962Natur.196..883R. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4183493. doi:10.1038/196883a0.
^ Hirose, Kei; Nagaya, Yukio; Merkel, Sébastien; Ohishi, Yasuo. Deformation of MnGeO₃ post-perovskite at lower mantle pressure and temperature. Geophysical Research Letters. 2010, 37 (20). Bibcode:2010GeoRL..3720302H. ISSN 0094-8276. doi:10.1029/2010GL044977 .
^ Matsumura, Hisashi; Mamiya, Mikito; Takei, Humihiko. Growth of pyroxene-type MnGeO₃ and (Mn,Mg)GeO₃ crystals by the floating-zone method. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2000, 210 (4): 783–787. Bibcode:2000JCrGr.210..783M. ISSN 0022-0248. doi:10.1016/S0022-0248(99)00850-7.
^ "Germanium: Inorganic Chemistry" F Glockling Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry Editor R Bruce King (1994) John Wiley and Sons ISBN 0-471-93620-0

[1] Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 2005 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） – Full text (PDF)

[Wiberg&Holleman-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN 0123526515

[NguyenLii2011-3] Nguyen, Quang Bac; Lii, Kwang-Hwa. Cs₄UGe₈O₂₀: A Tetravalent Uranium Germanate Containing Four- and Five-Coordinate Germanium. Inorganic Chemistry. 2011, 50 (20): 9936–9938. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 21939186. doi:10.1021/ic201789f.

[Greenwood-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.

[Ropp-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Encyclopedia of alkaline earth compounds R.C Ropp, Elsevier 2013 ISBN 978-0-444-59550-8

[Ringwood1970-6] Ringwood, A.E. Phase transformations and the constitution of the mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 1970, 3: 109–155. Bibcode:1970PEPI....3..109R. ISSN 0031-9201. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(70)90047-6.

[RingwoodSeabrook1962-7] Ringwood, A. E.; Seabrook, Merren. Some High-pressure Transformations in Pyroxenes. Nature. 1962, 196 (4857): 883–884. Bibcode:1962Natur.196..883R. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4183493. doi:10.1038/196883a0.

[HiroseNagaya2010-8] Hirose, Kei; Nagaya, Yukio; Merkel, Sébastien; Ohishi, Yasuo. Deformation of MnGeO₃ post-perovskite at lower mantle pressure and temperature. Geophysical Research Letters. 2010, 37 (20). Bibcode:2010GeoRL..3720302H. ISSN 0094-8276. doi:10.1029/2010GL044977 .

[MatsumuraMamiya2000-9] Matsumura, Hisashi; Mamiya, Mikito; Takei, Humihiko. Growth of pyroxene-type MnGeO₃ and (Mn,Mg)GeO₃ crystals by the floating-zone method. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2000, 210 (4): 783–787. Bibcode:2000JCrGr.210..783M. ISSN 0022-0248. doi:10.1016/S0022-0248(99)00850-7.

[10] "Germanium: Inorganic Chemistry" F Glockling Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry Editor R Bruce King (1994) John Wiley and Sons ISBN 0-471-93620-0

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