意大利兄弟党
此条目可参照意大利语维基百科相应条目来扩充。 |
意大利兄弟党 Fratelli d'Italia | |
---|---|
简称 | FdI |
主席 | 乔治亚·梅洛尼 |
成立 | 2012年12月17日 |
分裂自 | 自由人民党 |
总部 | Via della Scrofa 39, 罗马 |
党报 | Gazzetta Tricolore (2012–2015) La Voce del Patriota (since 2018) |
青年组织 | National Youth |
学生组织 | Student Action University Action |
党员 (2021) | 130,000[1] |
意识形态 | 保守主义 民族保守主义[2][3][4] 经济自由主义 社会保守主义[5] 反女权主义 伊斯兰恐惧症 意大利民族主义[6][5] 右翼民粹主义[7][8] 新法西斯主义[9][10] 欧洲怀疑主义[11][12][13] 基督教民族主义 反动主义[14][15] 大西洋主义 反共主义[16] 反移民[10][11] |
政治立场 | 右翼[17]至极右翼[18] |
众议院 | 118 / 400 |
参议院 | 66 / 200 |
欧洲议会 | 8 / 76 |
地区委员会 | 92 / 897 |
自治省议会 | 2 / 21 |
意大利政治 政党 · 选举 |
意大利兄弟党(意大利语:Fratelli d'Italia),简称FdI,指的是一个意大利的民族保守派和极右翼民粹主义政党,是2022年意大利大选以来意大利的执政党[19][20]。该党目前由现任意大利总理乔治亚·梅洛尼[21][22]领导。FdI的上台标志着意大利共和国出现了历史上第一个极右翼政府[23][24][23],也是二战自意大利法西斯以来最右翼的政府[25][26][27]。
该党成立于2012年12月17日,从西尔维奥·贝卢斯科尼所在的自由人民党(PdL)中分裂而出,现任主席为乔治亚·梅洛尼,总部位于意大利的罗马。该党在青年群体中有一个特殊组织叫作“民族青年”,拥有为其宣传的报纸《爱国者之声》,并且还是中右联盟和欧洲保守派和改革主义者党的成员[28]。2014年开始,该党派使用“三色火焰”作为其标志,并和其它党派组成“后法西斯国家联盟(AN)”,法西斯联盟成立于1995年,在2009年合并了很多意大利的极端右翼党派[29],该联盟自称是意大利社会运动(MSI)的继承者,活跃于1945~1995年[30][31]。虽然意大利兄弟党一直宣称自己和墨索里尼和二战时代的国家法西斯党(1921~1943)无关,但外界普遍认为这是同一理念的延续[32][33]。
按照其党主席乔治亚·梅洛尼的说法,意大利兄弟党并不是极端政党,而是一个守护传统文化、坚持保守价值观、并且想脱离欧盟的普通党派[34][35];而意大利的观察家则将FdI描述为民族保守派、右翼民粹主义、社会保守派、新法西斯主义、后法西斯主义、本土主义者和反移民主义者的集合体[36][37]。虽然该党是欧洲怀疑论的强烈支持者,时常宣传欧盟的种种弊端,但在外交上又矛盾的支持意大利与美国紧密合作,包括成为大西洋主义、北约、五眼联盟等组织的核心成员,既使美国和欧盟的大部分政策是一致的[38][39]。由于意大利兄弟党在意大利国会中拥有席位,所以这个党派可以出席欧洲议会,即使它本身反对欧盟,FdI的席位成员一开始是依附于欧洲人民党集团,但后来因为理念不合而脱离,自立欧洲保守党和改革党,保改党是2020年被乔治亚·梅洛尼领导的[36]。最后,FdI提议要废除欧盟,理由是现在的欧洲是个松散的邦联,同时建议欧洲各国必须结合成一个强有力的联邦来保护自己[38][39][40]。
选举结果
[编辑]意大利议会
[编辑]选举 | 党主席 | 众议院 | 共和国参议院 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
票数 | % | 席次 | 席次增减 | 排名 | Votes | % | 席次 | 席次增减 | 排名 | ||
2013 | 乔治亚·梅洛尼 | 666,035 | 1.9 | 9 / 630
|
新成立 | 第8 | 590,083 | 1.9 | 0 / 315
|
新成立 | 第7 |
2018 | 1,429,550 | 4.4 | 32 / 630
|
▲ 23 | ▲ 第5 | 1,286,606 | 4.3 | 18 / 315
|
▲ 18 | ▲ 第5 | |
2022 | 7,302,517 | 26.0 | 119 / 400
|
▲ 87 | ▲ 第1 | 7,167,136 | 26.0 | 66 / 200
|
▲ 48 | ▲ 第1 |
欧洲议会
[编辑]选举 | 党主席 | 票数 | % | 席次 | 席次增减 | 排名 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 乔治亚·梅洛尼 | 1,004,037 | 3.7 | 0 / 73
|
新成立 | 第7 |
2019 | 1,726,189 | 6.4 | 6 / 76
|
▲ 6 | ▲ 第5 |
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Sondaggi a picco? Adesso per la Lega anche i tesserati sono al palo. Invece Fratelli d'Italia cresce e rischia di mangiarsi Salvini a breve. La Notizia. 2021-04-06 [2022-08-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-24) (意大利语).
- ^ Fereri, Alba. Armchair Quarterback or Most Valuable Player? The Italian Parliament: Debating Economic Planningwith a Crisis in the Offing (2006–2014). Papakostas, Nikolaos; Pasamitros, Nikolaos (编). EU: Beyond the Crisis: A Debate on Sustainable Integrationism. Columbia University Press. 2016: 32 [2021-11-05]. ISBN 978-3-838-26848-4. (原始内容存档于2023-10-08) –通过Google Books.
- ^ Taube, Friedel. Women increasingly drawn to right-wing populist parties, study shows. Deutsche Welle. 2018-08-30 [2020-05-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-09-07).
Co-founder and leader of the national conservative Brothers of Italy party, Giorgia Meloni has a long history in far-right politics.
- ^ Papakostas & Pasamitros 2016,第32页.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Italy | Center for Strategic and International Studies. www.csis.org. [2022-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-26) (英语).
- ^ Parties and Elections in Europe. www.parties-and-elections.eu. [2022-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-23).
- ^ Berlusconi im Wahlkampf. ZDF. 2018-02-01 [2022-08-15]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-03) (德语).
- ^ Zulianello, Mattia. Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries. Government and Opposition. April 2020, 55 (2): 327–347 [2021-02-26]. S2CID 200013354. doi:10.1017/gov.2019.21. (原始内容存档于2019-11-01).
- ^ EXPLAINED: Is Brothers of Italy a ‘far right’ party?. The Local Italy. 2022-09-25 [2022-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-13) (美国英语).
Brothers of Italy, the far-right party on the cusp of power. France 24. 2022-07-24 [2022-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-24) (英语).
Matteo Salvini, Giorgia Meloni, and ‘Post-fascism’ as political logic | The Political Studies Association (PSA). Matteo Salvini, Giorgia Meloni, and ‘Post-fascism’ as political logic | The Political Studies Association (PSA). [2022-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-07) (英语).
Italy is on its way to being run by ‘post-fascists’. [2022-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-23) (英语).
Ben-Ghiat, Ruth. The Return of Fascism in Italy. The Atlantic. 2022-09-23 [2022-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-23) (英语).
Abadi, Cameron. Is Italy Seeing the Rise of a New Fascism?. Foreign Policy. [2022-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-04) (美国英语). - ^ 10.0 10.1 意大利候任总理梅洛尼何许人也?. 德国之声. [2022-10-21]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-07) (中文).
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Italy | Center for Strategic and International Studies. www.csis.org. [2022-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-26) (英语).
- ^ Bailo, Francesco. Online Communities and Crowds in the Rise of the Five Star Movement e-book. Cham, Switzerland. 2020: 102 [2022-08-15]. ISBN 978-3-030-45508-8. OCLC 1194944908. S2CID 226694989. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45508-8 –通过Google Books.
- ^ Berti, Carlo; Cossarini, Paolo; Ruzza, Carlo. The Impact of Populism on European Institutions and Civil Society: Discourses, Practices, and Policies. Springer Nature. 2021: 71 [2022-08-15]. ISBN 978-3-0307-3411-4 –通过Google Books.
- ^ Galli della Loggia e la fantasiosa tesi di Giorgia Meloni leader di una destra moderna. www.linkiesta.it. [2022-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-14) (意大利语).
- ^ Chiamiamoli per nome, la vera natura reazionaria del manifesto sovranista. www.editorialedomani.it. [2022-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-28) (意大利语).
- ^ Ferrari, Franco. Meloni: fascista con piel de conservadora. ctxt.es | Contexto y Acción. [2022-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-01) (西班牙语).
- ^
- Politics has not stalled Italy network deal talks-TIM CEO. Reuters. 2022-08-04 [2022-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-29).
The right-wing Brothers of Italy party, leading in polls ahead of next month's election, has criticised CDP's plans and wants talks to be suspended until a new government is in place.
- Kington, Tom. Hurdles ahead for Giorgia Meloni, the rightwinger who would rule Italy. The Times (Rome). 2022-07-25 [2022-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-26).
The leader of the right-wing Brothers of Italy could be brought low by the same people who did for Berlusconi: the hostile magistracy. That is if you believe one of her key aides, reports Tom Kington
- Winfield, Nicole. Italy's Draghi Resigns After Government Implodes. HuffPost (Associated Press). 2022-07-21 [2022-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-29).
Opinion polls have indicated neck-to-neck percentages for the center-left Democratic Party and the right-wing Brothers of Italy party, which had remained in the opposition to Draghi’s coalition.
- Politics has not stalled Italy network deal talks-TIM CEO. Reuters. 2022-08-04 [2022-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-29).
- ^ Benveniste, Campani & Lazaridis 2016,第36页 ; Kuhar & Paternotte 2017 ; Russell 2019 .
- ^ Winfield, Nicole. How a party of neo-fascist roots won big in Italy. AP News (Associated Press). 2022-09-26 [2022-09-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-27).
- ^ D'Emilio, Frances; Winfield, Nicole; Zampano, Giada. First female premier poised to take helm of Italy government. AP News (Associated Press). 2022-09-27 [2022-09-30]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-08).
- ^ Kington, Tom. Hurdles ahead for Giorgia Meloni, the rightwinger who would rule Italy. The Times (Rome). 2022-07-25 [2022-09-01]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-26).
- ^ Kirby, Jen. The far right is having a moment in Europe. Actually, everywhere.. Vox. 2022-09-24 [2022-10-05]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-20).
- ^ 23.0 23.1 Far-right Meloni set to become Italy's first woman PM. France 24 (Agence France-Presse). 2022-10-21 [2022-10-21]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-21).
- ^ Harlan, Chico; Pitrelli, Stefano. Meloni sworn in as Italy's first female prime minister. The Washington Post. 2022-10-21 [2022-10-22]. ISSN 0190-8286. (原始内容存档于2022-10-21).
- ^ Leali, Giorgio; Roberts, Hannah. Italy on track to elect most right-wing government since Mussolini. Politico. 2022-09-25 [2022-09-27]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-26).
- ^ Braithwaite, Sharon; DiDonato, Valentina; Fox, Kara; Mortensen, Antonia; Nadeau, Barbie Latza; Ruotolo, Nicola. Giorgia Meloni claims victory to become Italy's most far-right prime minister since Mussolini. CNN. 2022-09-26 [2022-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-26).
- ^ Italy election: Meloni says center-right bloc has 'clear' mandate. Deutsche Welle. 2022-09-26 [2022-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-26).
- ^ Alba Ferreri. Armchair Quarterback or Most Valuable Player? The Italian Parliament: Debating Economic Planningwith a Crisis in the Offing (2006–2014). Nikolaos Papakostas; Nikolaos Pasamitros (编). EU: Beyond the Crisis: A Debate on Sustainable Integrationism. Columbia University Press. 2016: 32 [2020-11-24]. ISBN 978-3-8382-6848-4. (原始内容存档于2022-04-23).
- ^ Roberts, Hannah. I'm not a fascist — I like the Tories, says Italy's far-right leader. Politico Europe. 2022-08-10 [2022-08-11]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-14).
- ^ Fratelli d'Italia: dova va la destra italiana [Brothers of Italy: where the Italian right goes]. I Mille. 2014-03-24 [2014-08-10]. (原始内容存档于2014-09-24) (意大利语).
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. Antifascist after Fascism. First Things. 2022-01-01, (January 2022) [2022-09-28]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-30).
The Movimento Sociale Italiano, a significant minority party, once seemed the best candidate for neofascism, but moderated and mutated continuously in order to win votes. By the 1990s it had morphed into the Alleanza Nazionale, a relatively standard and anodyne center-right parliamentary group.
- ^ Carlo, Andrea. Could Giorgia Meloni become Italy's next prime minister?. Euronews. 2022-06-20 [2022-07-21]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-12).
- ^ Ciucci, Chiara. Dall'Msi a Fratelli d'Italia, passando per An e la svolta di Fiuggi: storia della fiamma tricolore nata con Almirante e arrivata fino a Meloni [From MSI to Brothers of Italy, passing through An and the turning point of Fiuggi: the story of the tricolor flame born with Almirante and reaching Meloni]. Il Fatto Quotidiano. 2022-08-13 [2022-08-14]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-21) (意大利语).
- ^ Italy's frontrunner party suspends candidate over Hitler praise. Reuters. 2022-09-20 [2022-12-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-25).
- ^ Ceccarini, Luigi; Newell, James L. Introduction: The Paradoxical Election. Newell, James L.; Ceccarini, Luigi (编). The Italian General Election of 2018: Italy in Uncharted Territory. Springer International Publishing. 2019: 5 [2023-01-04]. ISBN 978-3-03-013617-8. (原始内容存档于2022-10-07).
- ^ 36.0 36.1 Steven, Martin; Szczerbiak, Aleks. Conservatism and 'Eurorealism' in the European Parliament: the European Conservatives and Reformists under the leadership of Poland's Law and Justice. European Politics and Society. 2022-05-06: 1–18 [2023-01-04]. ISSN 2374-5118. S2CID 248600333. doi:10.1080/23745118.2022.2065725. (原始内容存档于2023-03-31).
- ^ Il segnale di Meloni alla stampa estera: 'Nessuna svolta autoritaria, la destra italiana ha consegnato il fascismo alla storia da decenni' [Meloni's signal to the foreign press: 'No authoritarian turning point, the Italian right has consigned fascism to history for decades']. Il Fatto Quotidiano. 2022-08-10 [2022-08-14]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-14) (意大利语).
- ^ 38.0 38.1 UE, Meloni: Conservatori europei ribadiscono impegno per costruire Europa delle nazioni fondata su un modello confederale [EU, Meloni: European conservatives reaffirm their commitment to build a Europe of nations based on a confederal model]. Giorgia Meloni. 2022-07-06 [2022-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-07) (意大利语).
- ^ 39.0 39.1 Ue, Meloni: 'Vorrei un'Europa confederale' [EU, Meloni: 'I would like a confederal Europe']. Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata. 2022-07-06 [2022-08-15]. (原始内容存档于2022-09-29) (意大利语).
- ^ Sondel-Cedarmas, Joanna. Giorgia Meloni's New Europe: Europe of Sovereign Nations in the Brothers of Italy Party Manifestos. Berti, Francesco; Sondel-Cedarmas, Joanna (编). The Right-Wing Critique of Europe. London: Taylor & Francis. 2022. ISBN 978-1-0005-2042-2. S2CID 246381004. doi:10.4324/9781003226123-8.