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言据性

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言据性（英语：evidentiality；验证词；示证性；言据性；传信范畴；传信语气）[1][2]是一个语言学中的语法概念，用于指明陈述内容是否有证据来源。言据性的使用往往反应内容的可信度及说话者的态度。表达言据性的方式可以是语用上的或语法上的。[3]

言据性的表达

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语用上的言据性

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汉语没有任何语法上的言据性，像是“妈妈回来了”这句话并不包含任何证据指示，说话者如何知道妈妈回来了这件事是不清楚的。但汉语可通过语用词组或语用构句表达言据性的概念，如可以说“听说妈妈回来了”表示事情是从别人口中得知的；或者“我亲眼看见妈妈回来了”表示直接目击了事情的发生。

语法上的言据性

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有些语言直接透过语法词素（助词、词缀、附着语素等）等表示言据性。例如，在土耳其语的动词过去式会依说话者有没有直接证据而选择不同的后缀：

土耳其语言据范例
言据形式 语法结构 语意
直接证据 gel-di 他来了
无直接证据 gel-miş 他来了

证据的标记可分成两种类型：二元型（Indirectivity）和类别型（Evidentiality），在二元型中，只区分有没有直接证据，而不细分证据的种类。在类别型中，会清楚的区分各种类别的证据，常见的类别有：

  • 目击式（Witness）：证据来自亲眼目击。
  • 感官式（Sensory）：证据来非视觉的感官经历。
  • 迹象式（Inferential）：证据来自迹象推断。
  • 传言式（Reportative）：证据来自别人口中。

范例如西部波摩语（美国加洲的原住民语，属于Pomo语系）的动词变化表现了四种言据类别：

西部波摩语言据范例 (McLendon 2003)
言据形式 语法结构 语意
目击式、直接式 pʰa·bék-a （我看见）它烧起来了
感官式 pʰa·békʰ-ink’e （我感觉）它烧起来了
迹象式 pʰa·bék-ine 它（好像）烧起来了
传言式 pʰa·békʰ-·le （听说）它烧起来了

有时语言学上提到言据性时是专指类别型的言据性，而不包括二元型。

分布地区

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整体而言，语法上的言据性并不十分普遍，很少见于印欧语系和非洲语言中；在其他地区二元型的言据性有较广的分布，而类别型则几乎只集中在西美洲和中南美洲的原住民语中。

参见

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注释

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  1. ^ Ferdinand, de Haan. Evidentiality and Mirativity. Oxford Handbooks Online. 2012 [2021-09-02]. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195381979.013.0036. （原始内容存档于2023-11-26）. 
  2. ^ Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.; Dixon, R. M. W. Studies in Evidentiality. John Benjamins Publishing. 28 February 2003 [2021-09-02]. ISBN 9789027296856. （原始内容存档于2021-05-29） –通过Google Books. 
  3. ^ Dr. Neele Harlos (born Mueller). Tense, Aspect, Modality, and, Evidentiality in South American Indigenous Languages. [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-06）. 

参考文献

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  • Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2003). Evidentiality in typological perspective. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.) (pp. 33–62).
  • Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2004). Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926388-4.
  • Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.; & Dixon, R. M. W. (1998). Evidentials and areal typology: A case-study from Amazonia. Language Sciences, 20, 241-257.
  • Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.; & Dixon, R. M. W. (Eds.). (2003). Studies in evidentiality. Typological studies in language (Vol. 54). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 90-272-2962-7; ISBN 1-58811-344-2.
  • Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.; & Dixon, R. M. W. (Eds.). (2014) The Grammar of Knowledge: A Cross-Linguistic Typology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-870131-6
  • Blakemore, D. (1994). Evidence and modality. In R. E. Asher (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics (pp. 1183–1186). Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-035943-4.
  • Chafe, Wallace L.; & Nichols, Johanna. (Eds.). (1986). Evidentiality: The linguistic encoding of epistemology. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
  • Comrie, Bernard. (2000). Evidentials: Semantics and history. In L. Johanson & B. Utas (Eds.).
  • De Haan, Ferdinand. (1999). Evidentiality and epistemic modality: Setting boundaries. Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 18, 83-101. (Online: www.u.arizona.edu/~fdehaan/papers/SWJL99.pdf).
  • De Haan, Ferdinand. (2001). The relation between modality and evidentiality. In R. Müller & M. Reis (Eds.), Modalität und Modalverben im Deutschen. Linguistische Berichte, Sonderheft 9. Hamburg: H. Buske. ISBN 3-87548-254-9. (Online: www.u.arizona.edu/~fdehaan/papers/lb01.pdf).
  • De Haan, Ferdinand. (2005). Encoding speaker perspective: Evidentials. In Z. Frajzyngier & D. Rood (Eds.), Linguistic diversity and language theories. Amsterdam: Benjamins. ISBN 90-272-3082-X, ISBN 1-58811-577-1. (Online: www.u.arizona.edu/~fdehaan/papers/boulder.pdf).
  • Faust, Norma. (1973). Lecciones para el aprendizaje del idioma shipibo-conibo [Lessons for learning the Shipibo-Conibo language]. Lima: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  • Guentchéva, Zlatka. (1996a). Introduction. In Z. Guentchéva (Ed.) (pp. 11–18).
  • Guentchéva, Zlatka (Ed.). (1996b). L’Énonciation médiatisée. Bibliothèque de l’information grammaticale. Louvain: Éditions Peeters. ISBN 90-6831-861-6; ISBN 2-87723-244-1.
  • Johanson, Lars. (2000). Turkic indirectives. In L. Johanson & B. Utas (Eds.) (pp. 61–87).
  • Jacobsen, W. H., Jr. (1986). The heterogeneity of evidentials in Makah. In W. L. Chafe & J. Nichols (Eds.) (pp. 3–28).
  • Jakobson, Roman. (1990). Shifters and verbal categories. In On language (pp. 386–392). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1957).
  • Johanson, Lars. (2003). Evidentiality in Turkic. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.) (pp. 273–290).
  • Johanson, Lars; & Utas, Bo (Eds.). (2000). Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and neighboring languages. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-016158-3.
  • Joseph, Brian D. (2003). Evidentials: Summation, questions, prospects. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.) (pp. 307–327).
  • Kiefer, Ferenc. (1994). Modality. In R. E. Asher (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics (pp. 2515–2520). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • LaPolla, Randy J. (2003). Evidentiality in Qiang. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.) (pp. 63–78).
  • Maslova, Elena. (2003). Evidentiality in Yukaghir. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.) (pp. 237–241).
  • Mazzoni, Laura. (2008). Impersonamento ed evidenzialità in LIS. In L. Bertone (Ed.) La grammatica della lingua dei segni italiana. Atti dell'incontro di studio. Venezia 16-17 maggio 2007. Ed. Ca' Foscarina.
  • McLendon, Sally. (2003). Evidentials in Eastern Pomo with a comparative survey of the category in other Pomoan languages. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.) (pp. 101–129).
  • Noël, Dirk. (2001). The passive matrices of English infinitival complement clauses: Evidentials on the road to auxiliarihood? Studies in Language, 25, 255-296.
  • Palmer, F. R. (1986). Mood and modality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26516-9, ISBN 0-521-31930-7. (2nd ed. published 2001).
  • Palmer, F. R. (1994). Mood and modality. In R. E. Asher (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics (pp. 2535–2540). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • Slobin, D. I.; & Aksu, A. A. (1982). Tense, aspect and modality in the use of the Turkish evidential[永久失效链接]. In P. J. Hopper (Ed.), Tense-aspect: Between semantics & pragmatics. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
  • Speas, Peggy. (2010) 'Evidentials as Generalized Functional Heads.' in A.M. diScuillo, ed. Interface Legibility at the Edge. Oxford University Press.
  • Valenzuela, Pilar M. (2003). Evidentiality in Shipibo-Konibo, with a comparative overview of the category in Panoan. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.) (pp. 33–61).
  • Willet, Thomas L. (1988). A cross-linguistic survey of the grammaticalization of evidentiality. Studies in Language, 12, 51-97.

外部链接

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