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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Formosus
| Formosus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 就任 | October 6 891 |
| 卸任 | April 4, 896 |
| 前任 | Stephen V |
| 继任 | Boniface VI |
| 个人资料 | |
| 本名 | ??? |
| 出生 | ca. 816 Ostia, Italy |
| 逝世 | April 4, 896 Rome, Italy |
褔慕（Formosus，约816年—896年），或译福尔摩赛或福尔摩苏斯，生于意大利奥斯提亚（Ostia），是罗马天主教由891年至896年的教宗。他短暂的任期可谓多灾多难，甚至到了他死后，他的尸骨竟然被后来的教宗德范七世（或译司提反七世）重新起出并穿回教宗原本的衣饰来接受一场臭名远播的审判（是次审判英文称之为en:Cadaver Synod或Cadaver Trial ，拉丁文的名字则为Synodus Horrenda），审判后褔慕的指骨更被砍下，尸骨被投于河中。
生平[编辑]
褔慕于864年成为意大利波尔都斯的枢机主教。他先后于866年前往保加利亚、869年及872年前往法国执行政治任务，他更成功说服秃头查理去接受教宗的加冕而登基为法国国王。
他于872年成为教宗候选人。但由于一些政治问题，褔慕于同年离开了当年为若望八世所管治的罗马和教廷。若望八世于是召开了教务会议，并命令褔慕叔回教区，否则会因“欲同时拥有教廷及保加利亚教省之位”、“违反皇帝命令”及“未经教宗准许离开教区”、“私掠罗马的修道院财物”、“在禁令实施下依然履行圣职”、以及“串通不正当人士破坏教廷”而被施以绝罚。次后，褔慕由于以上的众多指控而于872年7月被正式定罪。到了878年，在褔慕应承终身不会回到罗马以及不会再履行圣职后，他的绝罚令就此被收回。
若望八世的继任人马林一世却于883年召褔慕回到波尔都斯的城郊教区。在经过马林一世、圣亚德三世（任期为884年至885年）及德范六世（任期为885年至891年）三位教宗的任期之后，褔慕于891年10月6日被选为教宗。
Formosus was forced to crown Duke Guido II of Spoleto Roman Emperor in April 892. Other immediate issues were that in Constantinople, the Patriarch Photius had been ejected and Stephen, the son of Emperor Basil I, had taken the office. There was a quarrel between the Archbishops of Cologne and Hamburg concerning the Bishopric of Bremen. In the contest between Odo, Count of Paris and Charles the Simple for the French crown, the pope sided with Charles.
Formosus persuaded Arnulf of Carinthia to advance to Rome and liberate Italy. In 894, Arnulf subjugated all the country north of the Po River. Guido died in December leaving his son Lambert in the care of his mother Agiltrude, an opponent of the Carolingians. In the autumn of 895, Arnulf undertook his second Italian campaign, and in 896 he was crowned by the pope in Rome. The new emperor moved against Spoleto but was struck with paralysis on the way and was unable to continue the campaign.
On April 4, 896, Formosus died. He was succeeded by Pope Boniface VI.
Posthumous trial[编辑]
Pope Stephen VI, the successor of Boniface, influenced by Lambert and Agiltrude, sat in judgment of Formosus in 897, in what was called the Cadaver Synod. The corpse was disinterred, clad in papal vestments and seated on a throne to face all the charges from John VIII. The verdict was that the deceased had been unworthy of the pontificate. All his measures and acts were annulled, and the orders conferred by him were declared invalid. The papal vestments were torn from his body, the three fingers from his right hand which the pope had used in consecrations were cut off and the corpse was then thrown into the Tiber (and later retrieved by a monk).
Following the death of Stephen VI, the body was reinterred in St. Peter's. Further trials of this nature against deceased persons were banned. But Pope Sergius III (904–911) reapproved the decisions against Formosus. Sergius demanded the re-ordination of the bishops consecrated by Formosus, who in turn had meanwhile conferred orders on many other clerics, causing great confusion. Later the validity of Formosus's work was re-reinstated. The decision of Sergius has been subsequently disregarded by the Church.
| 天主教会职衔 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 前任者： 德范六世 |
罗马主教 教宗 891-896 |
继任者： 博义六世 |