跳至內容

巨大質量恆星列表

維基百科，自由的百科全書

這是一份有關巨大質量恆星的列表，依太陽質量的多寡排列（1太陽質量=太陽的質量而不是太陽系的質量）。

恆星質量是恆星最重要的一個要素。質量加上化學成分能確定一顆恆星的光度、它實際上的大小和它最後的命運。列在表上的恆星，由於它們的質量非常巨大，到最後大多都會爆發成超新星甚至是極超新星，然後形成黑洞。

不確定性和警告

[編輯]
藝術家筆下的遠觀巨大質量恆星

表中所列出的恆星質量都是從理論上推測的，依據的是恆星很難測定的溫度和絕對星等。所有列出的恆星質量都是不確定的：因為天文學家已經將目前的理論和測量技術發揮到了極限，而無論是理論或觀測，只要有一個錯誤，或是兩者都錯，結果就會不正確。例如仙王座VV變星，依據這顆恆星特有的產物估算，質量就可能是太陽的25至40倍，或是100倍。

大質量恆星是很罕見的，表中列出的恆星距離都在數千光年以上，它們孤單地存在著，使距離很難測量。除了很遠之外，這些質量極端巨大的恆星似乎都被噴發出來的氣體雲氣包圍著；周圍的氣體會遮蔽恆星的光度，使原本就很難測量的光度和溫度更難測量，並且也使測量他們內部化學成分變成更加複雜的問題。[1]

另一方面，雲氣的遮蔽也阻礙了觀測，而難以確認是一顆大質量恆星，還是多星系統。下表中必然有一定數量的恆星也許是軌道極近的聯星，每一顆恆星的質量必然也不小，但不一定是巨大的質量；這些系統仍然可以二選一的是一顆或多顆大質量恆星，或有許多質量不大的伴星。因此表中許多恆星的質量經常是目前被研究的主題，質量經常被重測，而且經常被校正。[2]

表中列出的質量中，數據最可靠的恆星是HD 97950 A1[3]、WR 21a和WR 20a，因為兩者都是聯星系統（兩顆恆星沿著軌道互繞）。天文學家能夠運用克卜勒行星運動定律，經由研究它們的軌道運動可以測量出兩顆恆星各自的質量。此外，這三者還都是食雙星，還可以測量徑向速度和光度曲線來測量質量。

恆星演化

[編輯]
主條目：恆星演化

一定數量的恆星也許已經拋出了比目前估計還要多的質量，但因為這些巨額質量的流失是經由次級的假超新星爆炸事件產生的，因此可能已經拋出了10倍於太陽的質量。也會有一定數量的超新星和極超新星殘骸，它們的質量可以依據在爆炸前觀測到的前超新星或前極超新星的質量，和超新星或極超新星爆炸時的能量和事件的類型來估計。[4]這種恆星（如果還未爆炸）將很容易出現在這張表中（但是它們也可能不在表中）。

巨大質量的恆星列表

[編輯]
圖例
沃爾夫-拉葉星
高光度藍變星
O型星
B型星
由左至右：紅矮星、太陽、藍矮星和R136a1
海山二
大犬座VY
圓拱星團
天鵝座 OB2-12
Sher 25
R136a
參宿一

太陽質量60倍以上的恆星：

恆星名稱 質量(太陽=1) 距離(光年) 視星等 有效溫度(K) 估算方法 連結 參考文獻
BAT99-98 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 226 165000 13.38 45000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][6]
R136a1 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 224 163000 12.28 46000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [7][6]
R136a7 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 199 163000 13.97 49000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][6]
BAT99-105 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 189 163000 12.78 47300 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
R136a2 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 187 163000 12.34 50000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [7][6]
VFTS 1022 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 178 164000 13.47 42200 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
R136a5 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 171 157000 13.71 47000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][6]
R136a4 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 167 157000 13.41 48000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][6]
HSH95-46 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 160 163000 14.56 49000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][6]
R136a3 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 154 163000 12.97 50000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [7][6]
VFTS 682 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 153 164000 16.08 52200 質光關係 SIMBAD [9][6]
HD 15558 A (位於心臟星雲內的IC 1805) 152 24400 7.87 39500 雙星系統 SIMBAD [10][11]
HSH95-36 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 149 163000 14.41 52000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][6]
BAT99-116 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 147 163000 13.09 53000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [12][6]
VFTS 482 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 145 164000 12.95 42200 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
R136c (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 142 163000 13.43 51000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [13][6]
VFTS 1021 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 141 164000 13.35 39800 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
LH 10-3209 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1763) 140 160000 11.859 42500 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][15]
VFTS 506 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 138 164000 13.31 47300 質光關係 SIMBAD [9][6]
BAT99-116 B (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 136 163000 13.09 53000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [12][6]
VFTS 545 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 133 164000 13.32 47300 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
HD 97950 B (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950) 132 24800 11.33 42000 質光關係 SIMBAD [3][16]
HD 269810 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2029) 130 163000 12.22 52500 質光關係 SIMBAD [17][18]
HSH95-73 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 127 163000 15.13 33000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
WR 42e (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950) 123 25000 14.53 43000 系統彈出 SIMBAD [20]
R136a6 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 121 157000 13.35 53000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][6]
HD 97950 A1a (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950) 120 24800 11.18 42000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [3][16]
LSS 4067 (位於HM 1) 120 11000 11.44 40000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][22]
R136b (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 120 163000 13.24 37000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][6]
WR 93 (位於NGC 6357內的匹斯密斯24) 120 5900 10.68 71000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][11]
Sk -69° 212 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 119 160000 12.416 45400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
Sk -69° 249 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2074) 119 160000 12.02 38900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][24]
ST5-31 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 119 160000 12.273 50700 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][25]
MSP 183 (位於維斯特盧2) 115 20000 13.878 46300 質光關係 SIMBAD [26][27]
WR 24 (位於船底座星雲的科林德228) 114 14000 6.48 50100 恆星演化 SIMBAD [28][29]
HD 97950 C1 (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950) 113 24800 11.89 44000 質光關係 SIMBAD [3][16]
圓拱星團-F9 (位於圓拱星團) 111.3 25000 16.1 (J波段) 36600 質光關係 SIMBAD [30][31]
天鵝座OB2#12 A (位於天鵝座OB2) 110 5200 11.702 13700 質光關係 SIMBAD [32][33]
HD 93129 Aa (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒14) 110 7500 6.9 42500 三星系統 SIMBAD [34][11]
R146 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 109 164000 13.11 63000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][6]
VFTS 621 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 107 164000 15.39 54000 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
WR 21a A (來自維斯特盧2的速逃星) 103.6 26100 12.661 45000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [35][18]
R99 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的N44) 103 164000 11.52 28000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][11]
HSH95-47 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 102 163000 14.72 47000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][6]
圓拱星團-F6 (位於圓拱星團) 101 25000 15.75 (J波段) 33900 質光關係 SIMBAD [30][31]
Sk -65° 47 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1923) 101 160000 12.466 47800 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
圓拱星團-F1 (位於圓拱星團) 100.9 25000 16.3 (J波段) 33200 質光關係 SIMBAD [30][31]
牡丹星 (靠近銀心) 100 26000 12.98 (J波段) 25100 質光關係 SIMBAD [36][37]
VFTS 457 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 100 164000 13.74 39800 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
海山二 A (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16) 100 7500 4.3 9400-35200 質光關係 SIMBAD [38][39]
默瑟30-1 A (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30) 99 40000 10.33 (J波段) 32200 恆星演化 SIMBAD [40]
Sk -68° 137 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 99 160000 13.346 50000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][15]
HSH95-48 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 98 163000 14.75 49000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
WR 25 A (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16) 98 6500 8.8 50100 恆星演化 SIMBAD [28][11]
BI 253 (來自大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲的速逃星) 97.6 164000 13.76 54000 質光關係 SIMBAD [13][41]
R136a8 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 96 157000 14.42 51000 質光關係 SIMBAD [19][6]
HD 38282 B (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 95 163000 11.11 47000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [42][18]
HM 1-6 (位於HM 1) 95 11000 11.64 44700 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][43]
NGC 3603-42 (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950) 95 25000 12.86 50000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][16]
R139 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 95 163000 11.94 35000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [5][6]
BAT99-6 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1747) 94 165000 11.95 165000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][15]
HSH95-49 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 94 163000 14.75 48000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
Sk -66° 172 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的N64) 94 160000 13.1 46300 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][15]
ST2-22 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 94 160000 14.3 51300 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][44]
VFTS 259 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 94 164000 13.65 37600 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 562 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 94 164000 13.66 42200 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 512 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 93 164000 14.28 47300 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
HD 97950 A1b (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950) 92 24800 11.18 40000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [3][16]
VFTS 16 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 91.6 164000 13.55 50600 質光關係 SIMBAD [13][6]
HD 97950 A3 (位於NGC 3603內的HD 97950) 91 24800 12.95 50000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][16]
NGC 346-W1 (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 346) 91 200000 12.57 43400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][45]
HSH95-45 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 90 163000 14.65 42000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
R127 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2055) 90 160000 10.15 18500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [46][18]
VFTS 333 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 90 164000 12.49 37600 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 267 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 89 164000 13.49 44700 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 64 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 88 164000 14.621 39800 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][15]
BAT99-80 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 87 165000 13 45000 質光關係 SIMBAD [23][44]
R140b (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 87 165000 12.66 47000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][6]
VFTS 542 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 87 164000 13.47 44700 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 599 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 87 164000 13.8 44700 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
WR 89 (位於HM 1) 87 11000 11.02 39800 恆星演化 SIMBAD [28][18]
圓拱星團-F7 (位於圓拱星團) 86.3 25000 15.74 (J波段) 32900 質光關係 SIMBAD [30][31]
Sk -69° 104 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1910) 86 160000 12.1 39900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
VFTS 1017 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 86 164000 14.5 50100 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
布雷21 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1910) 85 160000 11.29 71000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][18]
LH 10-3061 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1763) 85 160000 13.491 52000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][15]
Sk 80 (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 346) 85 200000 12.31 38900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][47]
VFTS 603 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 85 164000 13.99 42200 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
Sk -70° 91 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的BSDL 1830) 84.09 165000 12.78 48900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [48][15]
R147 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 84 164000 12.993 47300 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][49]
HD 93250 A (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16) 83.3 7500 7.5 46000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [50][11]
HSH95-30 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 83 163000 14.21 37000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
WR 20a A (位於維斯特盧2) 82.7 20000 13.28 43000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [51]
OGLE-ECL-17 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2048) 82 160000 14.05 45000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][15]
WR 20a B (位於維斯特盧2) 81.9 20000 13.28 43000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [51]
川普勒27-27 (位於川普勒27) 81 3900 13.31 37000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][18]
BAT99-96 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 80 165000 13.76 42000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][6]
HD 15570 (位於心臟星雲內的IC 1805) 80 7500 8.11 46000 質光關係 SIMBAD [10][11]
HD 38282 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 80 163000 11.11 47000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [42][18]
HSH95-70 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 80 163000 14.96 47000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
圓拱星團-F15 (位於圓拱星團) 79.7 25000 16.12 (J波段) 35600 質光關係 SIMBAD [30][31]
BI 237 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的BSDL 2527) 79.66 165000 13.83 51300 質光關係 SIMBAD [48][15]
VFTS 94 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 79 164000 14.161 42200 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][15]
VFTS 151 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 79 164000 14.13 42200 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
HSH95-31 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 78 163000 14.12 48000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
LH 41-32 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1910) 78 160000 13.086 48200 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
匹斯密斯24-17 (位於NGC 6357內的匹斯密斯24) 78 5900 11.84 42700 質光關係 SIMBAD [52][43]
VFTS 404 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 78 164000 14.14 44700 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
HSH95-112 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 77 163000 15.74 36000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
BAT99-68 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的BSDL 2505) 76 165000 14.13 45000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][15]
HD 93632 (位於船底座星雲的科林德228) 76 10000 8.23 45400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][11]
NGC 346-W3 (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 346) 76 200000 12.8 52500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][45]
VFTS 169 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 76 164000 14.437 47300 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][15]
VFTS 440 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 76 164000 12.046 39800 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][15]
AB1 (位於小麥哲倫星系內的DEM S10) 75 197000 15.238 79000 質光關係 SIMBAD [53][45]
WR 22 A (位於船底座星雲的波鴻10) 75 8300 6.42 44700 恆星演化 SIMBAD [28][11]
匹斯密斯24-1NE (位於NGC 6357內的匹斯密斯24) 74 6500 11 42500 雙星系統 SIMBAD [52][54]
VFTS 608 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 74 164000 14.22 42200 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
默瑟30-3 (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30) 73 40000 12.62 (J波段) 39300 恆星演化 SIMBAD [40]
默瑟30-11 (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30) 73 40000 12.33 (J波段) 36800 恆星演化 SIMBAD [40]
VFTS 566 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 73 164000 14.05 44700 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
LH 64-16 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2001) 72 160000 13.666 50900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][25]
NGC 2044-W35 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 72 160000 14.1 48200 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
VFTS 216 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 72 164000 14.389 44700 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][15]
HSH95-58 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 71 163000 14.8 50000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
ST2-1 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 71 160000 14.3 44100 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][44]
VFTS 3 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 71 164000 11.56 21000 質光關係 SIMBAD [55][6]
圓拱星團-F12 (位於圓拱星團) 70 25000 16.4 (J波段) 36900 質光關係 SIMBAD [30][31]
布雷50 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2033) 70 165000 13.25 117000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][18]
HD 15629 (位於心臟星雲內的IC 1805) 70 7500 8.42 45900 質光關係 SIMBAD [10][11]
HD 37974 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的N135) 70 163000 10.99 22500 質光關係 SIMBAD [56][18]
HD 93129 Ab (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒14) 70 7500 7.31 44000 三星系統 SIMBAD [34][57]
M33 X-7 B (位於三角座星系) 70 2700000 18.7 35000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [58][59]
Sk -69° 194 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2033) 70 160000 12.131 45000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][49]
VFTS 125 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 69.6 164000 16.6 55200 質光關係 SIMBAD [13][44]
HD 46150 (位於薔薇星雲內的NGC 2244) 69 5200 6.73 44000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][11]
HD 229059 (位於伯克利87) 69 3000 8.7 26300 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][11]
ST2-3 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 69 160000 14.264 44900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
ST2-32 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 69 160000 13.903 45400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
W28-23 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2033) 69 160000 13.702 51300 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][25]
HD 93403 A (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16) 68.5 10400 8.27 39300 雙星系統 SIMBAD [60][18]
HD 93130 (位於船底座星雲的科林德228) 68 10000 8.04 39900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][11]
HM 1-8 (位於HM 1) 68 11000 12.52 46100 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][43]
HSH95-75 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 68 163000 15.08 39000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
BAT99-93 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 67 165000 13.446 45000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][15]
Sk -69° 200 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2033) 67 160000 11.18 26300 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
圓拱星團-F18 (位於圓拱星團) 66.9 25000 16.7 (J波段) 36900 質光關係 SIMBAD [30][31]
圓拱星團-F4 (位於圓拱星團) 66.4 25000 15.63 (J波段) 36800 質光關係 SIMBAD [30][31]
BAT99-59 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2020) 66 165000 13.186 71000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][15]
BAT99-104 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 66 165000 12.5 63000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][15]
HD 5980 B (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 346) 66 200000 11.31 45000 三星系統 SIMBAD [61][57]
HD 190429 A (靠近巴納德146) 66 7800 6.63 46000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [62][11]
LH 31-1003 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1858) 66 160000 13.186 41900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
LH 114-7 位於大麥哲倫星系內的N70) 66 160000 13.66 50000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][15]
匹斯密斯24-1SW (位於NGC 6357內的匹斯密斯24) 66 6500 11.1 40000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [52][54]
BAT99-126 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2081) 65 165000 13.166 71000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][15]
HSH95-89 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 65 163000 14.76 44000 質光關係 SIMBAD [19]
VFTS 63 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 65 164000 14.4 42200 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][44]
VFTS 145 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 65 164000 14.3 39800 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
VFTS 518 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 65 164000 15.11 44700 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
BD+43° 3654 (來自天鵝座OB2的速逃星) 64.6 5400 10.06 40400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [63][57]
BAT99-129 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的DEM L294) 64 165000 14.701 79000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][15]
HSH95-68 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 64 163000 15.15 43000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
Sk -69° 25 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1748) 64 160000 11.886 43600 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
川普勒27-23 (位於川普勒27) 64 3900 10.09 27500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][18]
HD 46223 (位於薔薇星雲內的NGC 2244) 63 5200 7.28 46000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][11]
HD 64568 (位於船尾座OB2內的NGC 2467) 63 16000 9.39 54000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][18]
HD 303308 (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16) 63 9200 8.17 51300 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][18]
HR 6187 A (位於天壇座OB1內的NGC 6193) 63 4300 5.54 46500 七星系統 SIMBAD [64][11]
LH 10-3058 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1763) 63 160000 14.089 54000 質光關係 SIMBAD [14][15]
ST5-71 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2074) 63 160000 13.266 45400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
AB9 (位於小麥哲倫星系內的DEM S80) 62 197000 15.431 100000 質光關係 SIMBAD [53][45]
布雷32 B (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1966) 62 165000 12.32 43600 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][18]
HD 93160 (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒14) 62 8000 7.6 42700 恆星演化 SIMBAD [21][11]
LH 41-1017 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1910) 62 160000 12.266 42700 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
默瑟30-6a A (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30) 62 40000 10.39 (J波段) 29900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [40]
ST4-18 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2081) 62 160000 13.639 44800 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
VFTS 664 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 62 164000 13.937 39900 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][15]
HD 229196 (位於天鵝座OB9) 61.6 5000 8.59 40900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [63][43]
AB8 B (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 602) 61 197000 12.83 45000 雙星系統 SIMBAD [61][65]
BAT99-79 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2044) 61 165000 13.486 42000 質光關係 SIMBAD [5][15]
HD 5980 A (位於小麥哲倫星系內的NGC 346) 61 200000 11.31 37000 三星系統 SIMBAD [61][57]
HSH95-64 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 61 163000 15.03 40000 質光關係 SIMBAD [7][19]
LH 41-18 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1910) 61 160000 12.586 38500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
默瑟30-9 A (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30) 61 40000 12.25 (J波段) 34500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [40]
ST5-25 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2074) 61 160000 13.551 48600 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][25]
VFTS 422 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 61 164000 15.14 39800 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
WR 102hb (位於五合星團) 61 26000 13.9 (J波段) 25100 恆星演化 SIMBAD [66][67]
Sk -67° 166 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的GKK-A144) 60.68 160000 12.22 41800 質光關係 SIMBAD [48][15]
Sk -67° 167 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的GKK-A144) 60.68 160000 12.586 41800 質光關係 SIMBAD [48][15]
Sk -71° 46 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的BSDL 2242) 60.68 160000 13.241 41800 質光關係 SIMBAD [48][15]
布雷10 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1770) 60 165000 12.69 117000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][18]
布雷94 A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2081) 60 165000 12.996 83000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][15]
布雷95a A (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2081) 60 165000 12.2 83000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][68]
默瑟30-7 A (位於龍魚星雲內的默瑟30) 60 40000 11.52 (J波段) 41400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [40]
R134 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 60 164000 12.75 39800 質光關係 SIMBAD [8][6]
R142 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 60 164000 11.82 18000 質光關係 SIMBAD [55][6]
R143 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 60 160000 12.014 27000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [46][15]
Sk -69° 142a (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 1983) 60 160000 11.093 34000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [46][49]
Sk -69° 259 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的NGC 2081) 60 160000 11.93 23000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [23][18]
Var 83 (位於三角座星系) 60 3000000 16.027 27500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [69][70]
VFTS 430 (位於大麥哲倫星系內的蜘蛛星雲) 60 164000 15.11 24500 質光關係 SIMBAD [55][6]

一些常見的質量在60個太陽質量之下的恆星：

恆星名稱 質量(太陽=1) 距離(光年) 視星等 有效溫度(K) 估算方法 連結 參考文獻
弧矢增二十二 (位於船帆座分子雲脊內的船帆座R2) 56.1 1080 2.25 40000 質光關係 SIMBAD [62][11]
造父三 (來自仙王座OB3的速逃星) 51.4 3100 5.05 36000 質光關係 SIMBAD [62][11]
弧矢增六 Aa (位於NGC 2362) 50 5120 4.89 32000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [71][11]
參宿二 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 44 2000 1.69 27500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [72][11]
伐二 A (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 39 1500 5.02 34900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [73][74]
少衛/紫微右垣六 (來自NGC 1502的速逃星) 37.6 6000 4.29 29000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [75][11]
天津增九 (位於天鵝座OB1內的IC 4996) 37 5100 4.82 18700 質光關係 SIMBAD [76][11]
尾宿三 (位於天蠍座OB1內的NGC 6231) 36 8210 4.705 17200 質光關係 SIMBAD [77][78]
參宿一 Aa (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 33 1260 2.08 29500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [79]
伐一C1 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶四邊形星團) 33 1340 5.13 39000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [80][11]
王良二 (位於仙后座OB14) 33 4000 4.16 23500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [81][11]
海山二 B (位於船底座星雲內的川普勒16) 30 7500 4.3 37200 雙星系統 SIMBAD [82][39]
天社一 B (位於船帆座OB2) 28.5 1230 1.83 35000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [83][11]
觜宿一 A (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座λ星協) 27.9 1100 3.54 37700 質光關係 SIMBAD [84][85]
捲舌三 (位於英仙座OB2內的加州星雲) 26.1 1200 4.04 35000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [75][11]
WR 79a (位於天蠍座OB1內的NGC 6231) 24.4 5600 5.77 35000 質光關係 SIMBAD [86][11]
參宿三 Aa1 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 24 1200 2.5 29500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [87][88]
伐三 Aa1 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的NGC 1980) 23.1 1340 2.77 32500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [89][90]
WR 78 (位於天蠍座OB1內的NGC 6231) 22 4100 6.48 50100 質光關係 SIMBAD [28][29]
軍市增五 (位於科林德121) 21.4 2800 3.043 15500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [91][11]
參宿七 A (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 21 860 0.13 12100 恆星演化 SIMBAD [92][11]
弧矢二 (位於科林德121) 21 2000 2.45 15000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [81][11]
天市右垣十一/韓 (位於天蠍-半人馬星協內的上天蠍次集團) 20.2 370 2.569 34000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [75][11]
參宿增三十六 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 20 2900 4.618 33400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [93][94]
參宿增一 Aa (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 18 1260 4.07 35000 質光關係 SIMBAD [95][96]
屎 (來自獵戶四邊形星團的速逃星) 16 1300 5.18 33000 質光關係 SIMBAD [97][11]
參宿六 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 15.5 650 2.09 26500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [71][11]
天津增二十八 (位於天鵝座OB4) 15 3260 4.233 10800 恆星演化 SIMBAD [98][99]
南船三 A (位於天蠍-半人馬星協內的IC 2602) 14.9 460 2.76 31000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [71][100]
伐二 B (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 14.8 1500 6.38 29300 恆星演化 SIMBAD [101]
捲舌四 (位於英仙座OB2) 14.5 750 2.86 20800 恆星演化 SIMBAD [71][11]
參宿增一 B (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 14 1260 4.07 31000 質光關係 SIMBAD [95][96]
軍市一 (位於本地泡) 13.5 490 1.985 23200 恆星演化 SIMBAD [102][103]
捲舌二 A (位於英仙座α星團) 13.5 640 2.88 26500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [71][104]
伐三 Aa2 (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的NGC 1980) 13.1 1340 2.77 27000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [89][90]
房宿三 A (位於天蠍-半人馬星協內的上天蠍次集團) 13 440 2.307 27400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [105][106]
參宿增一 Ab (位於獵戶座分子雲團內的獵戶座OB1) 13 1260 4.07 29000 質光關係 SIMBAD [95][96]
蒼蠅座θ Aa (位於半人馬座OB1) 11.5 7400 5.53 83000 質光關係 SIMBAD [107][11]
天社一 A (位於船帆座OB2) 9 1230 1.83 57000 質光關係 SIMBAD [83][11]
心宿增四 A (位於蛇夫座ρ星雲複合體) 8.7 360 4.63 22000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [108][11]
心宿二 B (位於環泡1) 7.2 550 5.5 18500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [105][85]
畢宿八 A (位於雙魚-波江座星流) 7.18 480 3.47 18700 恆星演化 SIMBAD [71][109]
天船五 (位於英仙座α星團) 7 520 3.01 14900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [110][100]
天船四 (位於英仙座α星團) 6.2 580 4.31 16000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [110][11]
孔雀十一 (位於杜鵑-時鐘座星協) 5.91 180 1.94 17700 恆星演化 SIMBAD [111][90]
昴宿六 A (位於昴宿星團) 5.9 440 2.87 12300 恆星演化 SIMBAD [112][11]
天狼增四 (位於科林德121) 5.6 440 4.1 13600 恆星演化 SIMBAD [110][113]
蓋屋一 (位於雙魚-波江座星流) 4.3 440 4.71 13500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [110][114]
天庾一 (位於雙魚-波江座星流) 3.65 370 4.69 13400 恆星演化 SIMBAD [115][11]
天園三 (位於杜鵑-時鐘座星協) 3.55 150 3.55 13700 恆星演化 SIMBAD [116][117]
小斗七 (位於天蠍-半人馬星協內的蝘蜓座η移動星群) 3.2 310 5.453 12500 恆星演化 SIMBAD [110][57]
小斗二 (位於天蠍-半人馬星協內的蝘蜓座ε移動星群) 2.87 360 4.91 10900 恆星演化 SIMBAD [118][100]
蛇腹二 (位於杜鵑-時鐘座星協) 2.64 150 4.12 11000 恆星演化 SIMBAD [119][110]
鳥喙四 A (位於杜鵑-時鐘座星協) 2.5 140 4.37 10600 恆星演化 SIMBAD [120][85]
羽林軍二十五 (位於雙魚-波江座星流) 2 320 5.66 10600 恆星演化 SIMBAD [110][121]
太陽 (位於太陽系) 1 0.0000158 -26.744 5772 測定標準 NASA [122][123][124]

黑洞

[編輯]
主條目：黑洞

黑洞是巨型恆星的最終演化物。理論上它們不是恆星，它們核心不再引起核融合。另外，理論上存在的微黑洞與恆星演化無關。

愛丁頓光度極限

[編輯]
主條目：愛丁頓光度

天文學家經過長期推論的結果顯示，一顆原恆星成長到120倍太陽質量以上時必然會猛烈爆炸。很早期的第三星族星可以超過這個極限，如果目前宇宙存在任何質量超過120倍太陽質量的恆星，它們將對現時的恆星演化理論產生疑慮。

質量極限出現的原因是因為擁有更巨大質量的恆星在消耗燃料的速率更快，比其他中小質量的恆星更加巨大。如果一顆巨型恆星在恆星核心引起核融合所發岀的壓力發光能量超出它本身內部拉扯重力，就稱為愛丁頓極限。在超過這個極限時，恆星將會開始推擠自己，或流失足夠的質量使內部降低到至恆星可以承受的速率。在理論上，由於恆星風會讓許多物質流出，一顆更巨大的恆星不能一直維持如此巨大的質量。[128]

天文學家在研究銀河系已知恆星最密集的星群：圓拱星團後，證實在那裏不存在質量達到150倍太陽質量的恆星，但經過對大麥哲倫雲星系的R136超星團研究後，卻發現了多顆超過這一極限的恆星，這些超大的恆星很有可能是合併的產物。[129]

參見

[編輯]

參考文獻

[編輯]
  1. ^ What is a star?. Royal Greenwich Observatory. [2006-09-07]. （原始內容存檔於2012-03-03）. 
  2. ^ Hinshaw, Gary. The Life and Death of Stars. NASA WMAP Mission. August 23, 2006 [2006-09-01]. （原始內容存檔於2008-03-12）. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Crowther, Paul A.; Schnurr, Olivier; Hirschi, Raphael; Yusof, Norhasliza; Parker, Richard J.; Goodwin, Simon P.; Kassim, Hasan Abu. The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose individual masses greatly exceed the accepted 150 M⊙ stellar mass limit. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 21 October 2010, 408 (2): 731–751 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.408..731C. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 53001712. arXiv:1007.3284 可免費查閱. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17167.x. （原始內容存檔於2017-05-17） （英語）. 
  4. ^ D. Vanbeveren. Massive stars (PDF). The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review. 1998, 9: 63 – 152. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2009-03-27）. 
  5. ^ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 Hainich, R.; Rühling, U.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Liermann, A.; Gräfener, G.; Foellmi, C.; Schnurr, O.; Hamann, W.-R. The Wolf-Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. A comprehensive analysis of the WN class. Astronomy & Astrophysics. May 2014, 565: A27. Bibcode:2014A&A...565A..27H. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 55123954. arXiv:1401.5474 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322696. 
  6. ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 6.35 6.36 6.37 6.38 6.39 6.40 6.41 6.42 6.43 6.44 6.45 6.46 6.47 6.48 6.49 Doran, E. I.; Crowther, P. A.; de Koter, A.; Evans, C. J.; McEvoy, C.; Walborn, N. R.; Bastian, N.; Bestenlehner, J. M.; Gräfener, G.; Herrero, A.; Köhler, K.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Najarro, F.; Puls, J.; Sana, H.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Taylor, W. D.; van Loon, J. Th.; Vink, J. S. The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XI. A census of the hot luminous stars and their feedback in 30 Doradus. Astronomy & Astrophysics. October 2013, 558: A134. Bibcode:2013A&A...558A.134D. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 118510909. arXiv:1308.3412 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321824. 
  7. ^ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, Saida M.; Schneider, Fabian R. N.; Simón-Díaz, Sergio; Brands, Sarah A.; de Koter, Alex; Gräfener, Götz; Herrero, Artemio; Langer, Norbert; Lennon, Daniel J.; Maíz Apellániz, Jesus; Puls, Joachim; Vink, Jorick S. The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS – II. Physical properties of the most massive stars in R136. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 17 October 2020, 499 (2): 1918–1936 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.499.1918B. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 221640940. arXiv:2009.05136 可免費查閱. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2801. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-25） （英語）. 
  8. ^ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.30 8.31 Bestenlehner, J. M.; Gräfener, G.; Vink, J. S.; Najarro, F.; de Koter, A.; Sana, H.; Evans, C. J.; Crowther, P. A.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Herrero, A.; Langer, N.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Simón-Díaz, S.; Taylor, W. D.; Walborn, N. R. The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XVII. Physical and wind properties of massive stars at the top of the main sequence. Astronomy & Astrophysics. October 2014, 570: A38. Bibcode:2014A&A...570A..38B. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 118606369. arXiv:1407.1837 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423643. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Bagnulo, S.; Wade, G. A.; Nazé, Y.; Grunhut, J. H.; Shultz, M. E.; Asher, D. J.; Crowther, P. A.; Evans, C. J.; David-Uraz, A.; Howarth, I. D.; Morrell, N.; Munoz, M. S.; Neiner, C.; Puls, J.; Szymański, M. K.; Vink, J. S. A search for strong magnetic fields in massive and very massive stars in the Magellanic Clouds. Astronomy & Astrophysics. March 2020, 635: A163. Bibcode:2020A&A...635A.163B. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 211532767. arXiv:2002.12061 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937098. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 De Becker, M.; Rauw, G.; Manfroid, J.; Eenens, P. Early-type stars in the young open cluster IC 1805: II. The probably single stars HD 15570 and HD 15629, and the massive binary/triple system HD 15558. Astronomy & Astrophysics. September 2006, 456 (3): 1121–1130. Bibcode:2006A&A...456.1121D. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 16519684. arXiv:astro-ph/0606379 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065300. 
  11. ^ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 11.24 11.25 11.26 11.27 11.28 11.29 11.30 11.31 11.32 11.33 11.34 11.35 11.36 11.37 11.38 11.39 11.40 Ducati, J. R. VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system.. CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2002, 2237 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2002yCat.2237....0D. S2CID 118191108. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-29）. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Tehrani, Katie A; Crowther, Paul A; Bestenlehner, Joachim M; Littlefair, Stuart P; Pollock, A M T; Parker, Richard J; Schnurr, Olivier. Weighing Melnick 34: the most massive binary system known. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1 April 2019, 484 (2): 2692–2710 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.484.2692T. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 119069481. arXiv:1901.04769 可免費查閱. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz147. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-21） （英語）. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Schneider, F. R. N.; Sana, H.; Evans, C. J.; Bestenlehner, J. M.; Castro, N.; Fossati, L.; Gräfener, G.; Langer, N.; Ramírez-Agudelo, O. H.; Sabín-Sanjulián, C.; Simón-Díaz, S.; Tramper, F.; Crowther, P. A.; de Koter, A.; de Mink, S. E.; Dufton, P. L.; Garcia, M.; Gieles, M.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Herrero, A.; Izzard, R. G.; Kalari, V.; Lennon, D. J.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Markova, N.; Najarro, F.; Podsiadlowski, Ph.; Puls, J.; Taylor, W. D.; van Loon, J. Th.; Vink, J. S.; Norman, C. An excess of massive stars in the local 30 Doradus starburst. Science. 5 January 2018, 359 (6371): 69–71. Bibcode:2018Sci...359...69S. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29302009. S2CID 206658504. arXiv:1801.03107 可免費查閱. doi:10.1126/science.aan0106 （英語）. 
  14. ^ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 Walborn, Nolan R.; Howarth, Ian D.; Lennon, Daniel J.; Massey, Philip; Oey, M. S.; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Skalkowski, Gwen; Morrell, Nidia I.; Drissen, Laurent; Parker, Joel Wm. A New Spectral Classification System for the Earliest O Stars: Definition of Type O2. The Astronomical Journal. May 2002, 123 (5): 2754–2771 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2002AJ....123.2754W. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 122127697. doi:10.1086/339831. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-01）. 
  15. ^ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 15.20 15.21 15.22 15.23 15.24 15.25 15.26 15.27 15.28 15.29 15.30 15.31 15.32 15.33 15.34 15.35 15.36 15.37 15.38 15.39 15.40 15.41 Bonanos, A. Z.; Massa, D. L.; Sewilo, M.; Lennon, D. J.; Panagia, N.; Smith, L. J.; Meixner, M.; Babler, B. L.; Bracker, S.; Meade, M. R.; Gordon, K. D.; Hora, J. L.; Indebetouw, R.; Whitney, B. A. Spitzer SAGE Infrared Photometry of Massive Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The Astronomical Journal. 1 October 2009, 138 (4): 1003–1021 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2009AJ....138.1003B. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 14056495. arXiv:0905.1328 可免費查閱. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/4/1003. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-05）. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Melena, Nicholas W.; Massey, Philip; Morrell, Nidia I.; Zangari, Amanda M. The Massive Star Content of NGC 3603. The Astronomical Journal. 1 March 2008, 135 (3): 878–891 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2008AJ....135..878M. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 16765414. arXiv:0712.2621 可免費查閱. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/3/878. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-12）. 
  17. ^ Evans, C. J.; Walborn, N. R.; Crowther, P. A.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Massa, D.; Taylor, W. D.; Howarth, I. D.; Sana, H.; Lennon, D. J.; van Loon, J. Th. A Massive Runaway Star from 30 Doradus. The Astrophysical Journal. 1 June 2010, 715 (2): L74–L79 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2010ApJ...715L..74E. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 118498849. arXiv:1004.5402 可免費查閱. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/715/2/L74. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-08）. 
  18. ^ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 18.16 Zacharias, N.; Finch, C. T.; Girard, T. M.; Henden, A.; Bartlett, J. L.; Monet, D. G.; Zacharias, M. I. VizieR On-line Data Catalog: UCAC4 Catalogue. VizieR On-line Data Catalog: I/322A. Originally Published in: 2012yCat.1322....0Z; 2013AJ....145...44Z. July 2012 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2012yCat.1322....0Z. S2CID 211646126. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-05）. 
  19. ^ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, S. M.; Bostroem, K. A.; Apellániz, J. Maíz; Schneider, F. R. N.; Walborn, N. R.; Angus, C. R.; Brott, I.; Bonanos, A.; de Koter, A.; de Mink, S. E.; Evans, C. J.; Gräfener, G.; Herrero, A.; Howarth, I. D.; Langer, N.; Lennon, D. J.; Puls, J.; Sana, H.; Vink, J. S. The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope /STIS. I. Far-ultraviolet spectroscopic census and the origin of He ii λ1640 in young star clusters. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1 May 2016, 458 (1): 624–659 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.458..624C. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 119131482. arXiv:1603.04994 可免費查閱. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw273. （原始內容存檔於2017-05-12） （英語）. 
  20. ^ Roman-Lopes, A.; Franco, G. A. P.; Sanmartim, D. SOAR Optical and Near-infrared Spectroscopic Survey of Newly Discovered Massive Stars in the Periphery of Galactic Massive Star Clusters I-NGC 3603. The Astrophysical Journal. 26 May 2016, 823 (2): 96 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2016ApJ...823...96R. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 119204619. arXiv:1604.01096 可免費查閱. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/2/96. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-22）. 
  21. ^ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 Massey, Philip; DeGioia-Eastwood, Kathleen; Waterhouse, Elizabeth. The Progenitor Masses of Wolf-Rayet Stars and Luminous Blue Variables Determined from Cluster Turnoffs. II. Results from 12 Galactic Clusters and OB Associations. The Astronomical Journal. February 2001, 121 (2): 1050–1070 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2001AJ....121.1050M. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 53345173. arXiv:astro-ph/0010654 可免費查閱. doi:10.1086/318769. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-13）. 
  22. ^ Vázquez, R. A.; Baume, G. The open cluster Havlen-Moffat No. 1 revisited. Astronomy & Astrophysics. June 2001, 371 (3): 908–920. Bibcode:2001A&A...371..908V. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 121918776. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010410. 
  23. ^ 23.00 23.01 23.02 23.03 23.04 23.05 23.06 23.07 23.08 23.09 23.10 23.11 23.12 23.13 23.14 23.15 23.16 23.17 23.18 23.19 23.20 23.21 23.22 23.23 23.24 23.25 23.26 23.27 23.28 23.29 23.30 23.31 23.32 Massey, Philip; Waterhouse, Elizabeth; DeGioia-Eastwood, Kathleen. The Progenitor Masses of Wolf-Rayet Stars and Luminous Blue Variables Determined from Cluster Turnoffs. I. Results from 19 OB Associations in the Magellanic Clouds. The Astronomical Journal. May 2000, 119 (5): 2214–2241 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2000AJ....119.2214M. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 16891188. arXiv:astro-ph/0002233 可免費查閱. doi:10.1086/301345. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-30）. 
  24. ^ Fabricius, C.; Høg, E.; Makarov, V. V.; Mason, B. D.; Wycoff, G. L.; Urban, S. E. The Tycho double star catalogue. Astronomy & Astrophysics. March 2002, 384 (1): 180–189. Bibcode:2002A&A...384..180F. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 56060737. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011822. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Zaritsky, Dennis; Harris, Jason; Thompson, Ian B.; Grebel, Eva K. The Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey: The Large Magellanic Cloud Stellar Catalog and Extinction Map. The Astronomical Journal. October 2004, 128 (4): 1606–1614 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2004AJ....128.1606Z. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 119532934. arXiv:astro-ph/0407006 可免費查閱. doi:10.1086/423910. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-08） （英語）. 
  26. ^ Drew, J E; Herrero, A; Mohr-Smith, M; Monguió, M; Wright, N J; Kupfer, T; Napiwotzki, R. Massive stars in the hinterland of the young cluster, Westerlund 2. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 21 October 2018, 480 (2): 2109–2124 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.2109D. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 53126230. arXiv:1807.06486 可免費查閱. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1905. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-21） （英語）. 
  27. ^ Vargas Álvarez, Carlos A.; Kobulnicky, Henry A.; Bradley, David R.; Kannappan, Sheila J.; Norris, Mark A.; Cool, Richard J.; Miller, Brendan P. The Distance to the Massive Galactic Cluster Westerlund 2 from a Spectroscopic and HST Photometric Study. The Astronomical Journal. 25 March 2013, 145 (5): 125 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2013AJ....145..125V. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 67769122. arXiv:1302.0863 可免費查閱. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/145/5/125. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-08）. 
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Hamann, W.-R.; Gräfener, G.; Liermann, A.; Hainich, R.; Sander, A. a. C.; Shenar, T.; Ramachandran, V.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M. The Galactic WN stars revisited - Impact of Gaia distances on fundamental stellar parameters. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 1 May 2019, 625: A57 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2019A&A...625A..57H. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 104292503. arXiv:1904.04687 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834850. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-15） （英語）. 
  29. ^ 29.0 29.1 Samus, N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Durlevich, O. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N. VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013). VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2017ARep...61...80S; 2017AZh....94...87S. January 2009 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S. S2CID 208116145. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-28）. 
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.7 Gräfener, G.; Vink, J. S.; de Koter, A.; Langer, N. The Eddington factor as the key to understand the winds of the most massive stars: Evidence for a Γ-dependence of Wolf-Rayet type mass loss. Astronomy & Astrophysics. November 2011, 535: A56. Bibcode:2011A&A...535A..56G. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 59396651. arXiv:1106.5361 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116701. 
  31. ^ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 Figer, Donald F.; Najarro, Francisco; Gilmore, Diane; Morris, Mark; Kim, Sungsoo S.; Serabyn, Eugene; McLean, Ian S.; Gilbert, Andrea M.; Graham, James R.; Larkin, James E.; Levenson, N. A.; Harry I., Teplitz. Massive Stars in the Arches Cluster. The Astrophysical Journal. 10 December 2002, 581 (1): 258–275. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..258F. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 119002004. arXiv:astro-ph/0208145 可免費查閱. doi:10.1086/344154 （英語）. 
  32. ^ Clark, J. S.; Najarro, F.; Negueruela, I.; Ritchie, B. W.; Urbaneja, M. A.; Howarth, I. D. On the nature of the galactic early-B hypergiants. Astronomy & Astrophysics. May 2012, 541: A145. Bibcode:2012A&A...541A.145C. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 11978733. arXiv:1202.3991 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117472. 
  33. ^ Laur, Jaan; Kolka, Indrek; Eenmäe, Tõnis; Tuvikene, Taavi; Leedjärv, Laurits. Variability survey of brightest stars in selected OB associations. Astronomy & Astrophysics. February 2017, 598: A108. Bibcode:2017A&A...598A.108L. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119076598. arXiv:1611.02452 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629395. 
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 Nelan, Edmund P.; Walborn, Nolan R.; Wallace, Debra J.; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Makidon, Russell B.; Gies, Douglas R.; Panagia, Nino. Resolving OB Systems in the Carina Nebula with the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor. The Astronomical Journal. July 2004, 128 (1): 323–329 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2004AJ....128..323N. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 121115585. doi:10.1086/420716. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-29） （英語）. 
  35. ^ Tramper, F.; Sana, H.; Fitzsimons, N. E.; de Koter, A.; Kaper, L.; Mahy, L.; Moffat, A. The mass of the very massive binary WR21a. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 11 January 2016, 455 (2): 1275–1281. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.455.1275T. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 44364798. arXiv:1510.03609 可免費查閱. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2373 （英語）. 
  36. ^ Oskinova, L. M.; Steinke, M.; Hamann, W.-R.; Sander, A.; Todt, H.; Liermann, A. One of the most massive stars in the Galaxy may have formed in isolation. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 21 December 2013, 436 (4): 3357–3365. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.436.3357O. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 118513968. arXiv:1309.7651 可免費查閱. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1817 （英語）. 
  37. ^ Cutri, R. M.; Skrutskie, M. F.; van Dyk, S.; Beichman, C. A.; Carpenter, J. M.; Chester, T.; Cambresy, L.; Evans, T.; Fowler, J.; Gizis, J.; Howard, E.; Huchra, J.; Jarrett, T.; Kopan, E. L.; Kirkpatrick, J. D.; Light, R. M.; Marsh, K. A.; McCallon, H.; Schneider, S.; Stiening, R.; Sykes, M.; Weinberg, M.; Wheaton, W. A.; Wheelock, S.; Zacarias, N. VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003). VizieR On-line Data Catalog: II/246. Originally Published in: 2003yCat.2246....0C. June 2003 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2003yCat.2246....0C. S2CID 115529446. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-30）. 
  38. ^ Clementel, N.; Madura, T. I.; Kruip, C. J. H.; Paardekooper, J.-P.; Gull, T. R. 3D radiative transfer simulations of Eta Carinae's inner colliding winds - I. Ionization structure of helium at apastron. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1 March 2015, 447 (3): 2445–2458. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.447.2445C. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 118405692. arXiv:1412.7569 可免費查閱. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2614 （英語）. 
  39. ^ 39.0 39.1 Hamaguchi, Kenji; Corcoran, Michael F.; Pittard, Julian M.; Sharma, Neetika; Takahashi, Hiromitsu; Russell, Christopher M. P.; Grefenstette, Brian W.; Wik, Daniel R.; Gull, Theodore R.; Richardson, Noel D.; Madura, Thomas I.; Moffat, Anthony F. J. Non-thermal X-rays from colliding wind shock acceleration in the massive binary Eta Carinae. Nature Astronomy. September 2018, 2 (9): 731–736 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2018NatAs...2..731H. ISSN 2397-3366. S2CID 126188024. arXiv:1904.09219 可免費查閱. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0505-1. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-30） （英語）. 
  40. ^ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 de la Fuente, D.; Najarro, F.; Borissova, J.; Ramírez Alegría, S.; Hanson, M. M.; Trombley, C.; Figer, D. F.; Davies, B.; Garcia, M.; Kurtev, R.; Urbaneja, M. A.; Smith, L. C.; Lucas, P. W.; Herrero, A. Probing the Dragonfish star-forming complex: the ionizing population of the young massive cluster Mercer 30. Astronomy & Astrophysics. May 2016, 589: A69. Bibcode:2016A&A...589A..69D. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119096455. arXiv:1602.02503 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201528004. 
  41. ^ Rivero González, J. G.; Puls, J.; Najarro, F.; Brott, I. Nitrogen line spectroscopy of O-stars: II. Surface nitrogen abundances for O-stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Astronomy & Astrophysics. January 2012, 537: A79. Bibcode:2012A&A...537A..79R. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119110554. arXiv:1110.5148 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117790. 
  42. ^ 42.0 42.1 Sana, H.; van Boeckel, T.; Tramper, F.; Ellerbroek, L. E.; de Koter, A.; Kaper, L.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Schnurr, O.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Gies, D. R. R144 revealed as a double-lined spectroscopic binary. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 15 March 2013, 432 (1): L26–L30. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.432L..26S. ISSN 1745-3933. S2CID 119238483. arXiv:1304.4591 可免費查閱. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slt029 （英語）. 
  43. ^ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 Reed, B. Cameron. Catalog of Galactic OB Stars. The Astronomical Journal. May 2003, 125 (5): 2531–2533 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2003AJ....125.2531R. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 121285799. doi:10.1086/374771. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-16） （英語）. 
  44. ^ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 Schild, H.; Testor, G. Spectral types and UBV magnitudes of stars in the 30 Doradus complex. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. March 1992, 92: 729–748. Bibcode:1992A&AS...92..729S. ISSN 0365-0138. S2CID 115371295. 
  45. ^ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 Bonanos, A. Z.; Lennon, D. J.; Köhlinger, F.; van Loon, J. Th.; Massa, D. L.; Sewilo, M.; Evans, C. J.; Panagia, N.; Babler, B. L.; Block, M.; Bracker, S.; Engelbracht, C. W.; Gordon, K. D.; Hora, J. L.; Indebetouw, R.; Meade, M. R.; Meixner, M.; Misselt, K. A.; Robitaille, T. P.; Shiao, B.; Whitney, B. A. Spitzer SAGE-SMC Infrared Photometry of Massive Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud. The Astronomical Journal. 1 August 2010, 140 (2): 416–429 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2010AJ....140..416B. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 119290443. arXiv:1004.0949 可免費查閱. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/2/416. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-06）. 
  46. ^ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Smith, Nathan; Tombleson, Ryan. Luminous blue variables are antisocial: their isolation implies that they are kicked mass gainers in binary evolution. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 11 February 2015, 447 (1): 598–617 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.447..598S. ISSN 1365-2966. S2CID 119284620. arXiv:1406.7431 可免費查閱. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2430. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-16） （英語）. 
  47. ^ Evans, C. J.; Lennon, D. J.; Smartt, S. J.; Trundle, C. The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars: observations centered on the Magellanic Cloud clusters NGC 330, NGC 346, NGC 2004, and the N11 region. Astronomy & Astrophysics. September 2006, 456 (2): 623–638. Bibcode:2006A&A...456..623E. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 13160849. arXiv:astro-ph/0606405 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20064988. 
  48. ^ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 Massa, D.; Fullerton, A. W.; Prinja, R. K. Mass-loss rates from mid-infrared excesses in LMC and SMC O stars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. September 2017, 470 (3): 3765–3774. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.470.3765M. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 119475951. arXiv:1706.02627 可免費查閱. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1443 （英語）. 
  49. ^ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Ulaczyk, K.; Szymański, M. K.; Udalski, A.; Kubiak, M.; Pietrzyński, G.; Soszyński, I.; Wyrzykowski, Ł.; Poleski, R.; Gieren, W.; Walker, A. R.; Garcia-Varela, A. Variable Stars from the OGLE-III Shallow Survey in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Acta Astronomica. 1 June 2013, 63 (2): 159–179 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2013AcA....63..159U. ISSN 0001-5237. S2CID 119228254. arXiv:1306.4802 可免費查閱. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-07）. 
  50. ^ Weidner, C.; Vink, J. S. The masses, and the mass discrepancy of O-type stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics. December 2010, 524: A98. Bibcode:2010A&A...524A..98W. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 118836634. arXiv:1010.2204 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014491. 
  51. ^ 51.0 51.1 Rauw, G.; Crowther, P. A.; De Becker, M.; Gosset, E.; Nazé, Y.; Sana, H.; van der Hucht, K. A.; Vreux, J.-M.; Williams, P. M. The spectrum of the very massive binary system WR 20a (WN6ha + WN6ha): Fundamental parameters and wind interactions. Astronomy & Astrophysics. March 2005, 432 (3): 985–998. Bibcode:2005A&A...432..985R. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 53372849. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042136. 
  52. ^ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Fang, M.; van Boekel, R.; King, R. R.; Henning, Th.; Bouwman, J.; Doi, Y.; Okamoto, Y. K.; Roccatagliata, V.; Sicilia-Aguilar, A. Star formation and disk properties in Pismis 24. Astronomy & Astrophysics. March 2012, 539: A119 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2012A&A...539A.119F. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 73612793. arXiv:1201.0833 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015914. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-18）. 
  53. ^ 53.0 53.1 Hainich, R.; Pasemann, D.; Todt, H.; Shenar, T.; Sander, A.; Hamann, W. -R. Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud. I. Analysis of the single WN stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2015, 581 (21): 30. Bibcode:2015A&A...581A..21H. S2CID 56230998. arXiv:1507.04000 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526241. 
  54. ^ 54.0 54.1 Skiff, B. A. VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Spectral Classifications (Skiff, 2009- ). VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/Mk. Originally Published in: Lowell Observatory (October 2014). October 2014 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2014yCat....1.2023S. S2CID 215961366. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-08）. 
  55. ^ 55.0 55.1 55.2 McEvoy, C. M.; Dufton, P. L.; Evans, C. J.; Kalari, V. M.; Markova, N.; Simón-Díaz, S.; Vink, J. S.; Walborn, N. R.; Crowther, P. A.; de Koter, A.; de Mink, S. E.; Dunstall, P. R.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Herrero, A.; Langer, N.; Lennon, D. J.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Najarro, F.; Puls, J.; Sana, H.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Taylor, W. D. The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XIX. B-type supergiants: Atmospheric parameters and nitrogen abundances to investigate the role of binarity and the width of the main sequence⋆. Astronomy & Astrophysics. March 2015, 575: A70. Bibcode:2015A&A...575A..70M. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 39125418. arXiv:1412.2705 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425202. 
  56. ^ Kastner, Joel H.; Buchanan, Catherine L.; Sargent, B.; Forrest, W. J. Spitzer Spectroscopy of Dusty Disks around B[e] Hypergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The Astrophysical Journal. 10 February 2006, 638 (1): L29–L32 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2006ApJ...638L..29K. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 121769413. doi:10.1086/500804. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-27） （英語）. 
  57. ^ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 57.4 Høg, E.; Fabricius, C.; Makarov, V. V.; Urban, S.; Corbin, T.; Wycoff, G.; Bastian, U.; Schwekendiek, P.; Wicenec, A. The Tycho-2 catalogue of the 2.5 million brightest stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics. March 2000, 355: L27–L30 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2000A&A...355L..27H. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 17128864. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-16）. 
  58. ^ Orosz, Jerome A.; McClintock, Jeffrey E.; Narayan, Ramesh; Bailyn, Charles D.; Hartman, Joel D.; Macri, Lucas; Liu, Jiefeng; Pietsch, Wolfgang; Remillard, Ronald A.; Shporer, Avi; Mazeh, Tsevi. A 15.65-solar-mass black hole in an eclipsing binary in the nearby spiral galaxy M 33. Nature. October 2007, 449 (7164): 872–875 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..872O. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17943124. S2CID 4311574. arXiv:0710.3165 可免費查閱. doi:10.1038/nature06218. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-22） （英語）. 
  59. ^ Grimm, H.‐J.; McDowell, J.; Zezas, A.; Kim, D.‐W.; Fabbiano, G. The X‐Ray Binary Population in M33. I. Source List and Luminosity Function. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. December 2005, 161 (2): 271–303 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2005ApJS..161..271G. ISSN 0067-0049. S2CID 119381693. arXiv:astro-ph/0506353 可免費查閱. doi:10.1086/468185. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-08） （英語）. 
  60. ^ Rauw, G.; Sana, H.; Gosset, E.; Vreux, J.-M.; Jehin, E.; Parmentier, G. A new orbital solution for the massive binary system HD 93403. Astronomy & Astrophysics. August 2000, 360: 1003–1010 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2000A&A...360.1003R. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 13886945. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-16）. 
  61. ^ 61.0 61.1 61.2 Shenar, T.; Hainich, R.; Todt, H.; Sander, A.; Hamann, W.-R.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Eldridge, J. J.; Pablo, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Richardson, N. D. Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: II. Analysis of the binaries. Astronomy & Astrophysics. July 2016, 591: A22. Bibcode:2016A&A...591A..22S. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119255408. arXiv:1604.01022 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527916. 
  62. ^ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Bouret, J. -C.; Hillier, D. J.; Lanz, T.; Fullerton, A. W. Properties of Galactic early-type O-supergiants: A combined FUV-UV and optical analysis. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2012, 544: A67. Bibcode:2012A&A...544A..67B. S2CID 119280104. arXiv:1205.3075v1 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118594. 
  63. ^ 63.0 63.1 Comerón, F.; Pasquali, A. New members of the massive stellar population in Cygnus. Astronomy & Astrophysics. July 2012, 543: A101. Bibcode:2012A&A...543A.101C. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 73520813. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219022. 
  64. ^ Krtička, J.; Kubát, J.; Krtičková, I. X-ray irradiation of the winds in binaries with massive components. Astronomy & Astrophysics. July 2015, 579: A111. Bibcode:2015A&A...579A.111K. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119120927. arXiv:1505.03411 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525637. 
  65. ^ Massey, Philip. A UBVR CCD Survey of the Magellanic Clouds. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. July 2002, 141 (1): 81–122 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2002ApJS..141...81M. ISSN 0067-0049. S2CID 119447348. arXiv:astro-ph/0110531 可免費查閱. doi:10.1086/338286. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-11） （英語）. 
  66. ^ Liermann, Adriane; Hamann, Wolf-Rainer; Oskinova, Lidia M.; Todt, Helge. High-mass stars in the Galactic center Quintuplet cluster. Société Royale des Sciences de Liège, Bulletin. January 2011, 80: 160–164. Bibcode:2011BSRSL..80..160L. ISSN 0037-9565. S2CID 116895316. 
  67. ^ Clark, J. S.; Lohr, M. E.; Patrick, L. R.; Najarro, F.; Dong, H.; Figer, D. F. An updated stellar census of the Quintuplet cluster. Astronomy & Astrophysics. October 2018, 618: A2. Bibcode:2018A&A...618A...2C. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 53501337. arXiv:1805.10139 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833041. 
  68. ^ Testor, G.; Niemela, V. The OB associations LH 101 and LH 104 in the HII region N158 of the LMC. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. June 1998, 130 (3): 527–538. Bibcode:1998A&AS..130..527T. ISSN 0365-0138. S2CID 55801387. doi:10.1051/aas:1998241. 
  69. ^ Burggraf, B.; Weis, K.; Bomans, D. J. LBVs in M33: Their Environments and Ages. Stellar Evolution at Low Metallicity: Mass Loss, Explosions, Cosmology ASP Conference Series. December 2006, 353: 245. Bibcode:2006ASPC..353..245B. ISSN 1050-3390. S2CID 230292777. 
  70. ^ Massey, Philip; Neugent, Kathryn F.; Smart, Brianna M. A Spectroscopic Survey of Massive Stars in M31 and M33. The Astronomical Journal. 19 August 2016, 152 (3): 62. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...62M. ISSN 1538-3881. S2CID 35672588. arXiv:1604.00112 可免費查閱. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/62. 
  71. ^ 71.0 71.1 71.2 71.3 71.4 71.5 Hohle, M. M.; Neuhäuser, R.; Schutz, B. F., Masses and luminosities of O- and B-type stars and red supergiants, Astronomische Nachrichten, April 2010, 331 (4): 349, Bibcode:2010AN....331..349H, S2CID 111387483, arXiv:1003.2335 可免費查閱, doi:10.1002/asna.200911355 
  72. ^ Zsargó, J.; Fierro-Santillán, C. R.; Klapp, J.; Arrieta, A.; Arias, L.; Valencia, J. M.; Sigalotti, L. Di G.; Hareter, M.; Puebla, R. E. Creating and using large grids of precalculated model atmospheres for a rapid analysis of stellar spectra. Astronomy & Astrophysics. November 2020, 643: A88. Bibcode:2020A&A...643A..88Z. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 225194447. arXiv:2009.10879 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038066. 
  73. ^ Hillenbrand, Lynne A. On the Stellar Population and Star-Forming History of the Orion Nebula Cluster. Astronomical Journal. 1997, 113: 1733. Bibcode:1997AJ....113.1733H. doi:10.1086/118389. 
  74. ^ Aldoretta, E. J.; Caballero-Nieves, S. M.; Gies, D. R.; Nelan, E. P.; Wallace, D. J.; Hartkopf, W. I.; Henry, T. J.; Jao, W.-C.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Mason, B. D.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Norris, R. P.; Richardson, N. D.; Williams, S. J. The Multiplicity of Massive Stars: A High Angular Resolution Survey with the Guidance Sensor. The Astronomical Journal. 2015, 149 (1): 26. Bibcode:2015AJ....149...26A. S2CID 58911264. arXiv:1410.0021 可免費查閱. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/149/1/26. 
  75. ^ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Repolust, T.; Puls, J.; Herrero, A. Stellar and wind parameters of Galactic O-stars: The influence of line-blocking/blanketing. Astronomy & Astrophysics. February 2004, 415 (1): 349–376. Bibcode:2004A&A...415..349R. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 56418916. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034594 可免費查閱. 
  76. ^ Najarro, F. Spectroscopy of P Cygni. P Cygni 2000: 400 Years of Progress. 2001, 233: 133. Bibcode:2001ASPC..233..133N. 
  77. ^ Clark, J. S.; Najarro, F.; Negueruela, I.; Ritchie, B. W.; Urbaneja, M. A.; Howarth, I. D. On the nature of the galactic early-B hypergiants. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2012, 541: A145. Bibcode:2012A&A...541A.145C. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 11978733. arXiv:1202.3991 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117472. 
  78. ^ Kozok, J. R., Photometric observations of emission B-stars in the southern Milky Way, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, September 1985, 61: 387–405, Bibcode:1985A&AS...61..387K 
  79. ^ Hummel, C. A.; Rivinius, Th.; Nieva, M.-F.; Stahl, O.; van Belle, G.; Zavala, R. T. Dynamical mass of the O-type supergiant in ζ Orionis A. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2013, 554: A52. Bibcode:2013A&A...554A..52H. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 53645495. arXiv:1306.0330 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321434. 
  80. ^ Simón-Díaz, S.; Herrero, A.; Esteban, C.; Najarro, F. Detailed spectroscopic analysis of the Trapezium cluster stars inside the Orion nebula: Rotational velocities, stellar parameters, and oxygen abundances. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2006, 448 (1): 351–366. Bibcode:2006A&A...448..351S. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 16445304. arXiv:astro-ph/0510288 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053066. 
  81. ^ 81.0 81.1 Searle, S. C.; Prinja, R. K.; Massa, D.; Ryans, R. Quantitative studies of the optical and UV spectra of Galactic early B supergiants. I. Fundamental parameters. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2008, 481 (3): 777–97. Bibcode:2008A&A...481..777S. S2CID 1552752. arXiv:0801.4289 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077125. 
  82. ^ Kashi, Amit; Soker, Noam. Periastron Passage Triggering of the 19th Century Eruptions of Eta Carinae. The Astrophysical Journal. 1 November 2010, 723 (1): 602–611 [2021-06-12]. Bibcode:2010ApJ...723..602K. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 118399302. arXiv:0912.1439 可免費查閱. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/723/1/602. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-13）. 
  83. ^ 83.0 83.1 North, J. R.; Tuthill, P. G.; Tango, W. J.; Davis, J. γ2 Velorum: orbital solution and fundamental parameter determination with SUSI. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2007-05-01, 377 (1): 415–424 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2007MNRAS.377..415N. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 16425744. arXiv:astro-ph/0702375 可免費查閱. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11608.x. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-02） （英語）. 
  84. ^ Murdin, P.; Penston, M. V. The Lambda Orionis association. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1977-12-01, 181 (4): 657–665 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:1977MNRAS.181..657M. ISSN 0035-8711. doi:10.1093/mnras/181.4.657 可免費查閱. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-29） （英語）. 
  85. ^ 85.0 85.1 85.2 Hoffleit, Dorrit; Jaschek, Carlos. The Bright star catalogue 5th Revised. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Observatory. 1991. Bibcode:1991bsc..book.....H. 
  86. ^ Skinner, Stephen L.; Zhekov, Svetozar A.; Güdel, Manuel; Schmutz, Werner; Sokal, Kimberly R. New X-Ray Detections of WNL Stars. The Astronomical Journal. 2012-05-01, 143 (5): 116 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2012AJ....143..116S. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 119281411. arXiv:1203.5098 可免費查閱. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/143/5/116. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-05）. 
  87. ^ Shenar, T.; Oskinova, L.; Hamann, W.-R.; Corcoran, M. F.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Pablo, H.; Richardson, N. D.; Waldron, W. L.; Huenemoerder, D. P.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Nichols, J. S.; Todt, H.; Nazé, Y.; Hoffman, J. L.; Pollock, A. M. T.; Negueruela, I. A Coordinated X-Ray and Optical Campaign of the Nearest Massive Eclipsing Binary, δ Orionis Aa. IV. A Multiwavelength, Non-LTE Spectroscopic Analysis. Astrophysical Journal. 2015, 809 (2): 135. Bibcode:2015ApJ...809..135S. S2CID 14909574. arXiv:1503.03476 可免費查閱. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/809/2/135. hdl:10045/59172. 
  88. ^ Tokovinin, A. A. MSC - a catalogue of physical multiple stars. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 1997, 124: 75–84. Bibcode:1997A&AS..124...75T. doi:10.1051/aas:1997181 可免費查閱. 
  89. ^ 89.0 89.1 Marchenko, Sergey V.; Rauw, Gregor; Antokhina, Eleonora A.; Antokhin, Igor I.; Ballereau, Dominique; Chauville, Jacques; Corcoran, Michael F.; Costero, Rafael; Echevarria, Juan; Eversberg, Thomas; Gayley, Ken G.; Koenigsberger, Gloria; Miroshnichenko, Anatoly S.; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Morrell, Nidia I.; Morrison, Nancy D.; Mulliss, Christopher L.; Pittard, Julian M.; Stevens, Ian R.; Vreux, Jean-Marie; Zorec, Jean. Coordinated monitoring of the eccentric O-star binary Iota Orionis: Optical spectroscopy and photometry. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2000, 317 (2): 333. Bibcode:2000MNRAS.317..333M. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03542.x 可免費查閱. 
  90. ^ 90.0 90.1 90.2 Nicolet, B., Photoelectric photometric Catalogue of homogeneous measurements in the UBV System, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 1978, 34: 1–49, Bibcode:1978A&AS...34....1N 
  91. ^ Crowther, P. A.; Lennon, D. J.; Walborn, N. R., Physical parameters and wind properties of galactic early B supergiants, Astronomy and Astrophysics, January 2006, 446 (1): 279–293, Bibcode:2006A&A...446..279C, S2CID 18815761, arXiv:astro-ph/0509436 可免費查閱, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053685 
  92. ^ Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Shultz, Matt; Williamson, Michael H.; Moya, Andres. Asteroseismology of the Nearby SN-II Progenitor: Rigel. I. Themosthigh-Precision Photometry and Radial Velocity Monitoring. The Astrophysical Journal. 2012-03-10, 747 (2): 108 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2012ApJ...747..108M. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 425831. arXiv:1201.0843 可免費查閱. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/108. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-24）. 
  93. ^ Underhill, A. B.; Divan, L.; Prevot-Burnichon, M.-L.; Doazan, V. Effective temperatures, angular diameters, distances and linear radii for 160 O and B stars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1979, 189 (3): 601–05. Bibcode:1979MNRAS.189..601U. doi:10.1093/mnras/189.3.601 可免費查閱. 
  94. ^ Nieva, M.-F. Temperature, gravity, and bolometric correction scales for non-supergiant OB stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2013, 550: A26. Bibcode:2013A&A...550A..26N. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119275940. arXiv:1212.0928 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219677. 
  95. ^ 95.0 95.1 95.2 Simón-Díaz, S.; Caballero, J. A.; Lorenzo, J.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Negueruela, I.; Barbá, R. H.; Dorda, R.; Marco, A.; Montes, D.; Pellerin, A.; Sanchez-Bermudez, J.; Sódor, Á.; Sota, A. Orbital and Physical Properties of the σ Ori Aa, Ab, B Triple System. The Astrophysical Journal. 2015, 799 (2): 169. Bibcode:2015ApJ...799..169S. S2CID 118500350. arXiv:1412.3469 可免費查閱. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/169. 
  96. ^ 96.0 96.1 96.2 Mason, Brian D.; Wycoff, Gary L.; Hartkopf, William I.; Douglass, Geoffrey G.; Worley, Charles E. The 2001 US Naval Observatory Double Star CD-ROM. I. The Washington Double Star Catalog. The Astronomical Journal. 2001, 122 (6): 3466. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.3466M. doi:10.1086/323920 可免費查閱. 
  97. ^ Martins, F.; Schaerer, D.; Hillier, D. J.; Meynadier, F.; Heydari-Malayeri, M.; Walborn, N. R. O stars with weak winds: the Galactic case. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2005, 441 (2): 735–762. Bibcode:2005A&A...441..735M. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 11547293. arXiv:astro-ph/0507278 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20052927. 
  98. ^ Tanrıverdi, Taner. Elemental abundances of the supergiant stars σ Cygnus and η Leonis. New Astronomy. 2013, 25: 50. Bibcode:2013NewA...25...50T. S2CID 118525375. arXiv:1512.04557 可免費查閱. doi:10.1016/j.newast.2013.03.013. 
  99. ^ Firnstein, M.; Przybilla, N. Quantitative spectroscopy of Galactic BA-type supergiants. I. Atmospheric parameters. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2012, 543: A80. Bibcode:2012A&A...543A..80F. S2CID 54725386. arXiv:1207.0308 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219034. 
  100. ^ 100.0 100.1 100.2 Johnson, H. L.; et al, UBVRIJKL photometry of the bright stars, Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, 1966, 4 (99): 99, Bibcode:1966CoLPL...4...99J 
  101. ^ Nieva, María-Fernanda; Przybilla, Norbert. Fundamental properties of nearby single early B-type stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2014, 566: A7. Bibcode:2014A&A...566A...7N. S2CID 119227033. arXiv:1412.1418 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423373. 
  102. ^ Hubrig, S.; et al, Discovery of magnetic fields in the βCephei star ξ1 CMa and in several slowly pulsating B stars*, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, June 2006, 369 (1): L61–L65, Bibcode:2006MNRAS.369L..61H, S2CID 18201908, arXiv:astro-ph/0604283 可免費查閱, doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00175.x 
  103. ^ Cousins, A. W. J., UBV Photometry of Some Very Bright Stars, Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa, 1972, 31: 69, Bibcode:1972MNSSA..31...69C 
  104. ^ Lutz, T. E.; Lutz, J. H., Spectral classification and UBV photometry of bright visual double stars, Astronomical Journal, June 1977, 82: 431–434, Bibcode:1977AJ.....82..431L, doi:10.1086/112066 
  105. ^ 105.0 105.1 Pecaut, Mark J.; Mamajek, Eric E.; Bubar, Eric J. A Revised Age for Upper Scorpius and the Star Formation History Among the F-Type Members of the Scorpius-Centaurus Ob Association. The Astrophysical Journal. 2012-02-20, 746 (2): 154 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2012ApJ...746..154P. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 118461108. arXiv:1112.1695 可免費查閱. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/154. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-25）. 
  106. ^ Gutierrez-Moreno, Adelina; Moreno, Hugo. A Photometric Investigation of the SCORPlO-CENTAURUS Association. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 1968-06-01, 15: 459 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:1968ApJS...15..459G. ISSN 0067-0049. doi:10.1086/190168. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-25）. 
  107. ^ Nugis, T.; Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. Mass-loss rates of Wolf-Rayet stars as a function of stellar parameters. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2000, 360: 227. Bibcode:2000A&A...360..227N. 
  108. ^ Pillitteri, I.; Fossati, L.; Castro Rodriguez, N.; Oskinova, L.; Wolk, S. J. Detection of magnetic field in the B2 star ρ Ophiuchi A with ESO FORS2. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2018, 610: L3. Bibcode:2018A&A...610L...3P. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 119395824. arXiv:1712.00728 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732078. 
  109. ^ Nicolet, B. Catalogue of homogeneous data in the UBV photoelectric photometric system. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. October 1978, 34: 1–49. Bibcode:1978A&AS...34....1N. 
  110. ^ 110.0 110.1 110.2 110.3 110.4 110.5 110.6 Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation. Astronomy Letters. 2012, 38 (5): 331. Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A. S2CID 119257644. arXiv:1108.4971 可免費查閱. doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015.  Vizier catalog entry （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
  111. ^ Jerzykiewicz, M.; Molenda-Zakowicz, J., Empirical Luminosities and Radii of Early-Type Stars after Hipparcos, Acta Astronomica, September 2000, 50: 369–380, Bibcode:2000AcA....50..369J 
  112. ^ Harmanec, P. Physical Properties and Evolutionary Stage of Be Stars. The be Phenomenon in Early-Type Stars. 2000, 214: 13. Bibcode:2000ASPC..214...13H. 
  113. ^ Fernie, J. D., New UBVRI photometry for 900 supergiants, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, May 1983, 52: 7–22, Bibcode:1983ApJS...52....7F, doi:10.1086/190856. 
  114. ^ Feinstein, A.; Marraco, H. G., The photometric behavior of Be Stars, Astronomical Journal, November 1979, 84: 1713–1725, Bibcode:1979AJ.....84.1713F, doi:10.1086/112600. 
  115. ^ North, P. Do SI stars undergo any rotational braking?. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1998, 334: 181–87. Bibcode:1998A&A...334..181N. arXiv:astro-ph/9802286 可免費查閱. 
  116. ^ McDonald, I.; et al, Fundamental Parameters and Infrared Excesses of Hipparcos Stars, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2012, 427 (1): 343–57, Bibcode:2012MNRAS.427..343M, S2CID 118665352, arXiv:1208.2037 可免費查閱, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.x. 
  117. ^ Mermilliod, J.-C., Compilation of Eggen's UBV data, transformed to UBV (unpublished), Catalogue of Eggen's UBV Data (SIMBAD), 1986, Bibcode:1986EgUBV........0M. 
  118. ^ Fang, M.; et al, Young stars in ɛ Chamaleontis and their disks: disk evolution in sparse associations (PDF), Astronomy & Astrophysics, January 2013, 549: 17, Bibcode:2013A&A...549A..15F, S2CID 118332644, arXiv:1209.5832 可免費查閱, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118528, A15. 
  119. ^ Zorec, J.; Royer, F. Rotational velocities of A-type stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2012, 537: A120. Bibcode:2012A&A...537A.120Z. S2CID 55586789. arXiv:1201.2052 可免費查閱. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117691.  Vizier catalog entry （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
  120. ^ Silaj, J.; et al, The Hα Profiles of Be Shell Stars, The Astrophysical Journal, November 2014, 795 (1): 12, Bibcode:2014ApJ...795...82S, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/795/1/82, 82. 
  121. ^ Corben, P. M.; Stoy, R. H., Photoelectric Magnitudes and Colours for Bright Southern Stars, Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa, 1968, 27: 11, Bibcode:1968MNSSA..27...11C. 
  122. ^ Luzum, Brian; Capitaine, Nicole; Fienga, Agnès; Folkner, William; Fukushima, Toshio; Hilton, James; Hohenkerk, Catherine; Krasinsky, George; Petit, Gérard; Pitjeva, Elena; Soffel, Michael; Wallace, Patrick. The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: the report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy. Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. August 2011, 110 (4): 293–304. Bibcode:2011CeMDA.110..293L. ISSN 0923-2958. S2CID 122755461. doi:10.1007/s10569-011-9352-4 可免費查閱 （英語）. 
  123. ^ Bessell, M.S.; Castelli, F.; Plez, B. Model atmospheres broad-band colors, bolometric corrections and temperature calibrations for O–M stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics. May 1998, 333: 231–250 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:1998A&A...333..231B. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 10513623. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-26）. 
  124. ^ Mamajek, E. E.; Prsa, A.; Torres, G.; Harmanec, P.; Asplund, M.; Bennett, P. D.; Capitaine, N.; Christensen-Dalsgaard, J.; Depagne, E.; Folkner, W. M.; Haberreiter, M.; Hekker, S.; Hilton, J. L.; Kostov, V.; Kurtz, D. W.; Laskar, J.; Mason, B. D.; Milone, E. F.; Montgomery, M. M.; Richards, M. T.; Schou, J.; Stewart, S. G. IAU 2015 Resolution B3 on Recommended Nominal Conversion Constants for Selected Solar and Planetary Properties. ePrint ArXiv:1510.07674. October 2015 [2021-06-08]. Bibcode:2015arXiv151007674M. S2CID 118388858. arXiv:1510.07674 可免費查閱. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-15）. 
  125. ^ 125.0 125.1 Celotti, A.; Miller, J. C.; Sciama, D. W. Astrophysical evidence for the existence of black holes. Classical and Quantum Gravity. 1999, 16 (12A): A3–A21. arXiv:astro-ph/9912186 可免費查閱. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/16/12A/301. 
  126. ^ Antonucci, R. Unified Models for Active Galactic Nuclei and Quasars. Annual Reviews in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1993, 31 (1): 473–521. Bibcode:1993ARA&A..31..473A. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.002353. 
  127. ^ Urry, C.; Padovani, P. Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 1995, 107: 803–845. Bibcode:1995PASP..107..803U. arXiv:astro-ph/9506063 可免費查閱. doi:10.1086/133630. 
  128. ^ Andrew Ulmer, Edward L. Fitzpatrick. Revisiting the Modified Eddington Limit for Massive Stars. The Astrophysical Journal. 1998, 504 (1): 200 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 0004-637X. doi:10.1086/306048 （英語）. 
  129. ^ LiveScience.com, "Mystery of the 'Monster Stars' Solved: It Was a Monster Mash" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Natalie Wolchover, 7 August 2012
取自「https://wiki.gdrain.workers.dev/w/index.php?title=巨大質量恆星列表&oldid=77919101」