梅花雀科
外觀
梅花雀科 | |
---|---|
紅眉火尾雀 Neochmia temporalis | |
科學分類 | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
綱: | 鳥綱 Aves |
目: | 雀形目 Passeriformes |
演化支: | 真雀類 Eupasseres |
亞目: | 雀亞目 Passeri |
下目: | 雀下目 Passerida |
總科: | 雀總科 Passeroidea |
科: | 梅花雀科 Estrildidae Illiger, 1811 |
屬 | |
見正文 |
梅花雀科(學名:Estrildidae)是舊大陸熱帶地區和澳大拉西亞的一種小型雀形目鳥類,包括有多個常見鳥類的物種,例如:文鳥、侏儒鳥、火雀、鸚雀及梅花雀等[1]。梅花雀科有時會被視為雀科(Passeridae)的亞科,只包括在舊世界出現的雀,例如:麻雀屬[2]。儘管其外型可能有點相似,本科物種與燕雀科、鵐科又或美洲鵐科的關係其實並不密切。
梅花雀是群居的籽食鳥類,其喙短厚而尖利。梅花雀科物種的身體構造與習性都十分相似,但彼此間羽毛的顏色和花紋差異很大。
所有品種的梅花雀都會建造較大的半圓形鳥巢,每次可產5至10枚白色鳥蛋。大部分物種會建造用以棲息的鳥巢。部分火雀和斑腹雀會在維達雀科的巢內產卵寄生。
大部分的梅花雀都對寒冷極為敏感,性喜溫暖,多在熱帶定居;少數則在澳大利亞南部及新幾內亞的高地,並適應了當地較為寒冷的氣候,例如:高山文鳥、紅脅火尾雀、紅眉火尾雀,還有Stagonopleura這個屬的物種。
梅花雀科中最小的物種是小綠背織雀(Nesocharis shelleyi),體長僅8.3公分(3.3英寸)。而最輕的物種是黑腰梅花雀(Estrilda troglodytes),僅重6克(0.21盎司)。最大的物種是禾雀(Padda oryzivora),體長可達17公分(6.7英寸),體重可達25克(0.88盎司)。[3]
分類
[編輯]屬與物種
[編輯]- 啄花雀屬 Parmoptila
- 紅額啄花雀 Parmoptila rubrifrons
- Jameson's antpecker, Parmoptila jamesoni – often included in P. rubrifrons
- 啄花雀 Parmoptila woodhousei
- 裂籽雀屬 Pyrenestes
- 藍嘴雀屬s, genus Spermophaga
- 火雀屬, Lagonosticta
- 斑胸火雀, Lagonosticta rufopicta
- 褐背火雀, Lagonosticta nitidula
- 紅嘴火雀, Lagonosticta senegala
- 黑腹火雀, Lagonosticta rara
- 灰頂火雀, Lagonosticta rubricata
- 淡嘴火雀, Lagonosticta landanae
- 紅腹火雀, Lagonosticta rhodopareia
- 馬里火雀, Lagonosticta virata
- 岩火雀, Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis
- 黑臉火雀, Lagonosticta larvata
- 賴氏火雀, Lagonosticta umbrinodorsalis
- 藍飾雀屬 Uraeginthus
- Coccopygia 黃腹梅花雀屬,Coccopygia
- 黃腹梅花雀, Coccopygia quartinia
- 黑頰黃腹梅花雀, Coccopygia melanotis
- Angolan waxbill, Coccopygia bocagei
- 梅花雀屬 Estrilda
- 淡藍梅花雀, Estrilda caerulescens
- 黑尾梅花雀, Estrilda perreini
- 紐氏梅花雀, Estrilda thomensis
- 黃胸梅花雀, Estrilda paludicola
- Anambra waxbill, Estrilda poliopareia
- 橙頰梅花雀, Estrilda melpoda
- 阿拉伯梅花雀, Estrilda rufibarba
- 赤腰梅花雀, Estrilda rhodopyga
- 黑腰梅花雀, Estrilda troglodytes
- 橫斑梅花雀, Estrilda astrild
- 黑臉梅花雀, Estrilda nigriloris
- 黑頂梅花雀, Estrilda nonnula
- 黑頭梅花雀, Estrilda atricapilla
- Kandt's waxbill, Estrilda kandti
- 黑頰梅花雀, Estrilda erythronotos
- 紅腰梅花雀, Estrilda charmosyna
- Genus 紅梅花雀屬 avadavats
- 星雀屬,Neochmia
- Red-browed finch, Neochmia temporalis
- 赤胸星雀, Neochmia phaeton
- 星雀, Neochmia ruficauda
- 褐頭星雀, Neochmia modesta
- 草雀屬 Poephila
- Masked finch, Poephila personata
- Long-tailed finch, Poephila acuticauda
- Black-throated finch, Poephila cincta
- 鸚雀屬, Erythrura
- 綠尾鸚雀, Erythrura hyperythra
- 長尾鸚雀, Erythrura prasina
- 綠臉鸚雀, Erythrura viridifacies
- 帝漢鸚雀, Erythrura tricolor
- 藍臉鸚雀, Erythrura trichroa
- 紅耳鸚雀, Erythrura coloria
- 大藍臉鸚雀, Erythrura papuana
- 紅喉鸚雀, Erythrura psittacea
- 斐濟鸚雀, Erythrura pealii
- 紅頭鸚雀, Erythrura cyaneovirens
- 皇鸚雀, Erythrura regia
- 黑臉鸚雀, Erythrura kleinschmidti
- 胡錦鳥, Erythrura gouldiae
- 馬島文鳥屬, Lepidopygia
- 馬島文鳥, Lepidopygia nana
- 文鳥屬,Lonchura
- 銅色文鳥, Lonchura cucullata also known as bronze munia
- 黑白文鳥, Lonchura bicolor also known as black-and-white munia
- 褐背文鳥, Lonchura nigriceps also known as brown-backed munia
- 鵲文鳥, Lonchura fringilloides also known as magpie munia
- 白腰文鳥, Lonchura striata
- 黑喉文鳥, Lonchura leucogastroides
- 暗栗文鳥, Lonchura fuscans
- 黑臉文鳥, Lonchura molucca
- 紅胸文鳥, Lonchura kelaarti also known as Jerdon's mannikin
- 斑文鳥, Lonchura punctulata also known as nutmeg mannikin or spice finch
- 白胸文鳥, Lonchura leucogastra
- 紋頭文鳥, Lonchura tristissima
- 黑頭文鳥, Lonchura atricapilla
- 栗腹文鳥, Lonchura malacca
- 白頂文鳥, Lonchura ferruginosa
- 白腹文鳥, Lonchura pallidiventer
- 五彩文鳥, Lonchura quinticolor
- 白頭文鳥, Lonchura maja
- 淡色文鳥, Lonchura pallida
- 大嘴文鳥, Lonchura grandis
- 灰帶文鳥, Lonchura vana
- 灰冠文鳥, Lonchura nevermanni
- 黑巾文鳥, Lonchura spectabilis
- 雜色文鳥, Lonchura hunsteini
- 栗背文鳥, Lonchura forbesi
- 雜色文鳥, Lonchura nigerrima
- 黃尾文鳥, Lonchura flaviprymna
- 栗胸文鳥, Lonchura castaneothorax
演化
[編輯]有關梅花雀科物種的系統發生生物地理學(phylogeography)及其可能起源[4][5]的研究已經有了成果[6]。假設認為:隨著喜馬拉雅山的上升逐漸趨強(1,650萬年前),季雨在印度得以形成,右圖中便描述了這一起源。這項研究[6]的結論如下[7]:
- 梅花雀科為單系群多分枝的鳥類,其進化可能開始於中中新世(約1,650萬年前),然後分佈於非洲、亞洲及澳大利亞;
- 這一假設的時間跟燕雀亞科(Fringillinae,其實亦只有燕雀屬所有物種)物種開始輻射的時間符合,也與喜馬拉雅山及西藏高原最大的上升時間符合。這一次的上升是由於印度板塊最強烈的撞擊而引起,並且形成了今日南亞地區的季雨系統,以及其他較激烈的氣候變化,例如:令西藏高原及中國沙漠的氣候更乾燥。
- The most ancient evolutive group comprises African (銀嘴文鳥), Asian (白喉文鳥) and Australian (斑脅火尾雀); this suggests that the whole Estrildids radiation might have originated around India.[6][4][5]
- The African group Nesocharis is grouped with the African gender Estrilda.
- The 胡錦鳥 (Erythrura or Chloebia gouldiae) is definitely included within genus Erythrura with the other species.
- The 禾雀 (Padda or Lonchura oryzivora) is a very modified species from genus Lonchura: bigger than the rest of Lonchura species, and a noticeable and quite different head pattern. It is endemic to Java, Bali, and the Bawean Islands, although escapes from captivity can be seen today in other neighboring islands.
- 非洲的文鳥屬African munias (Spermestes) belong to a genus totally different from Australian and Asian s.
- The Australian 紅眉火尾雀 (Neochmia temporalis), very similar to African common waxbill (Estrilda astrild), is unrelated to it. Their similarities (bill, red brow, etc.) are due to 趨同演化, since their environmental pressures (weather, habitat, feeding) are similar.[6][5]
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David. Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits [梅花雀、鸚雀、文鳥、維達雀、綠森鶯、岩鷚、鷚]. www.worldbirdnames.org v8.2). IOC World Bird List. [2019-08-24]. (原始內容存檔於2019-09-15).
- ^ Christidis, L.; Boles, W.E. Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. 2008: 177. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
- ^ Estrildid FINCHes: Order Passeriformes, Family Estrildidae. BIRDS of THE WORLD - An Online Bird Book. [2019-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2019-11-10) (英語).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Sibley, CG; Monroe, BL. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press. 1990 (英語).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Gomez-Prieto, Pablo; Serna-Ayala, J.M.; Ruiz-Del-Valle, Valentin. Origen de los estríldidos [梅花雀科物種的起源] (PDF). Ornitología práctica (Croma Press. s.a. Valencia). 2009, 40.[永久失效連結]
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Arnaiz-Villena,A; Ruiz-del-Valle,V.; Gomez-Prieto,P.; Reguera,R.; Parga-Lozano,C; Serrano-Vela,J.I. Estrildinae Finches (Aves, Passeriformes) from Africa, South Asia and Australia: a Molecular Phylogeographic Study. The Open Ornithology Journal. 2009, 2: 29–36 [2010-11-03]. doi:10.2174/1874453200902010029. (原始內容存檔於2010-10-12) (英語).
- ^ Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Gomez-Prieto, Pablo; Ruiz-Del-Valle, Valentin. Phylogeography of Finches and Sparrows (PDF). Nova Science Publishers. 2009 [2019-08-24]. ISBN 978-1-60741-844-3. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-08-06) (英語).
外部連結
[編輯]- Syst. Biol. 53(1):140
- 維基物種上的相關資訊:梅花雀科
- Zipcode Zoo: Estrildidae
- Internet Bird Collection.com: Estrildidae videos, photos and sounds (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Waxbill Finch Society (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) — specialist waxbill bird society based in the UK.