爆炸反應裝甲

爆炸反應裝甲（英語：Explosive reactive armor）是一種主要透過爆炸來破壞射中炮彈以降低其攻擊力的裝備。

歷史

反應裝甲的設想最早由蘇聯人提出，但是反應裝甲首次運用於實戰則是1982年中東戰爭中的以色列。

二戰後的反坦克炮彈和RPG之類反坦克武器大量用了成形裝藥技術，很容易貫穿坦克裝甲，反應裝甲的原理恰好削弱這種技術造成的影響。當射流擊中反應裝甲時，反應裝甲會即時爆炸，藉由爆炸的反作用能量來反彈來襲之砲彈，進而保護坦克。此類反應裝甲被稱為爆炸式反應裝甲（ERA），但也有一種反應裝甲是非爆炸式的（NERA），此種裝甲的設計是兩層金屬內有一個夾層由橡膠之類製作成一個盒形，當射流遇到內夾層時它會膨起從而使射流失效。有觀點認為中國99式坦克的一種改型用的空心楔型裝甲塊就是此種構造。 ^[1]

目前世界上知名的反應裝甲有俄國的接觸系列，90年代美軍測試中披掛接觸-5裝甲的T-72BM擋住了M829型穿甲彈500米處的攻擊，是當時唯一可信的美軍彈藥對俄國反應裝甲測試。^[2]

優缺點與最新發展

反應裝甲因為可以不用大幅度增加全車的重量和尺寸下，大大增強裝甲車輛的防衛能力。而且可以不用像其他提高車輛防衛力的新型裝甲，需要全新設計的車體或對舊車作全面的改裝，可以直接附加在車體外。

所以裝甲武力的先進國對於反應裝甲相當歡迎，但並未向全世界各國普及，是因為有些獨有的缺陷。

爆炸反應裝甲因其原理，會產生裝甲碎片向坦克周圍飛散，對伴隨坦克作戰的步兵威脅較大，而非爆炸式的反應裝甲則防禦力不如爆炸反應裝甲，但可以適應步坦的戰術操作。不過烏克蘭戰爭中仍可見豹2被烏軍裝上ERA^[3]，即使北約方面如此建議提供的坦克不需要，後來改成主要在前方布置。

另一個問題是傳統爆炸式反應裝甲，防禦穿甲彈的效果遠不如其防禦破甲彈的效果。

現時發展方向一是非爆炸的反應裝甲，因為可以卸去衝擊對穿甲彈效果較佳，但對於破甲彈的效果較遜；二是以爆炸切斷脫殼尾穩穿甲彈的彈芯，卻意味反應裝甲需要作多層佈置並增加重量。

參考資料

^ Protection Systems For Future Armoured Vehicles Protection Systems For Future Armoured Vehicles. [2008-08-10]. （原始內容存檔於2008-08-30）.
^ Jane's International Defence Review 7/1997, стр. 15: "IMPENETRABLE RUSSIAN TANK ARMOUR STANDS UP TO EXAMINATION "Claims that the armour of Russian tanks is effectively impenetrable, made on the basis of test carried out in Germany (see IDR 7/1996, p.15), have been supported by comments made following tests in the US. "Speaking at a conference on Future Armoured Warfare in London in May, IDR's Pentagon correspondent Leland Ness explained that US tests involved firing trials of Russian-built T-72 tanks fitted with Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armour (ERA). In contrast to the original, or 'light', type of ERA which is effective only against shaped charge jets, the 'heavy' Kontakt-5 ERA is also effective against the long-rod penetrators of APFSDS tank gun projectiles. "When fitted to T-72 tanks, the 'heavy' ERA made them immune to the DU penetrators of M829 APFSDS, fired by the 120 mm guns of the US M1 Abrams tanks, which are among the most formidable of current tank gun projectiles.
^ 存档副本. [2023-10-17]. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-14）.

外部連結

Defense Update: Reactive Armor Suits

[1] Protection Systems For Future Armoured Vehicles Protection Systems For Future Armoured Vehicles. [2008-08-10]. （原始內容存檔於2008-08-30）.

[2] Jane's International Defence Review 7/1997, стр. 15: "IMPENETRABLE RUSSIAN TANK ARMOUR STANDS UP TO EXAMINATION "Claims that the armour of Russian tanks is effectively impenetrable, made on the basis of test carried out in Germany (see IDR 7/1996, p.15), have been supported by comments made following tests in the US. "Speaking at a conference on Future Armoured Warfare in London in May, IDR's Pentagon correspondent Leland Ness explained that US tests involved firing trials of Russian-built T-72 tanks fitted with Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armour (ERA). In contrast to the original, or 'light', type of ERA which is effective only against shaped charge jets, the 'heavy' Kontakt-5 ERA is also effective against the long-rod penetrators of APFSDS tank gun projectiles. "When fitted to T-72 tanks, the 'heavy' ERA made them immune to the DU penetrators of M829 APFSDS, fired by the 120 mm guns of the US M1 Abrams tanks, which are among the most formidable of current tank gun projectiles.

[3] 存档副本. [2023-10-17]. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-14）.

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歷史

優缺點與最新發展

相關條目

參考資料

外部連結