用户:TongcyDai/沙盒/I
各语言最早纪录列表
[编辑]本条目是按照该语言中已使用文本纪录完整句子的大致时间排列的语言列表,其中不包括未破解或未经广泛认可的文字及语言,也不包括仅由孤立单词或名字组成的碑文。在大多数情况下,该语言实际使用(或书写)的年代会比列表给出的时间早得多。
由于许多民族拥有口传传统、或是现有的文字是来自更早已佚失的手稿,书写记录不一定反映了当时的语言特征,反而可能对应到的是其更早的语言阶段,民间传说和史诗的流传更可能横亘数个世纪之久。一个极端的例子是以吠陀梵语写成的《梨俱吠陀》:其文本最早的部分可以追溯到公元前1500年左右[1] ,但目前已知最老的手稿大约在公元前1040年写成[2]。相似地,阿维斯陀语的最早纪录《伽萨》被认为是在公元前1000年之前创作的,而最古老的阿维斯陀语手稿可以追溯到公元13世纪。[3]
对于已知其前身的语言,这里提供的日期遵循传统术语???。 例如,古法语是逐渐从通俗拉丁语发展出来的,则列表中的斯特拉斯堡誓言(842年)被归类为古法语最早的文本。
公元前1千纪以前
[编辑]书写系统最早出现在公元3000年初的近东地区。在青铜时代的结束及字母系统的兴起之前,该地区已被确认的语言非常有限:
东亚黄河流域在公元前2千年末,以古汉语为代表的汉藏语系也开始留下文字纪录。
此外,目前还有一些尚未破解的青铜时代文字纪录,包括:
更早期书写的符号,如中国河南贾湖契刻符号、东南欧温查符号与迪斯皮里奥图章上的记号,都被认为是原始文字的一种,只能表达有限的概念,而无法像真实的书写系统记录作者的语言。
时间 | 语言 | 证据 | 注释 |
---|---|---|---|
约前2690年 | 埃及语 | 在伯里布森(埃及第二王朝)墓穴中发现的埃及象形文字。地点位于埃及新河谷省乌姆·卡伯。[7] | “原象形文字”(proto-hieroglyphic)大约在前3300年(奈加代三期文化,参见阿拜多斯、那尔迈调色板)出现。 |
前26世纪 | 苏美语 | 《舒鲁帕克的指示》,凯什神庙赞美诗与其他在舒鲁帕克与阿布·萨拉比克发现的楔形文字(早王朝时期)[8][9] | 乌鲁克时期自约前3500年(参见基什石灰岩板);为乌鲁克 and 乌尔 from 约前2900年。 |
约前2400年 | 迦南语 | 乌纳斯金字塔中刻有保护闪米特人的咒语[10][11] | Initial attempts at deciphering the texts failed due to Egyptologists mistaking the Semitic spells for Egyptian, thus rendering them unintelligible. |
约前2400年 | 阿卡德语 | A few dozen pre-Sargonic texts from Mari and other sites in northern Babylonia[12] | Some proper names attested in Sumerian texts at Tell Harmal from about 2800 BC.[13] Fragments of the Legend of Etana at Tell Harmal 约2600 BC.[14] |
约前2400年 | 埃勃拉语 | 埃勃拉文书[15] | |
约前2250年 | 埃兰语 | 艾万王朝与阿卡德帝国纳拉姆辛签订的和平契约[16][17] | |
前21世纪 | 胡里安语 | Temple inscription of Tish-atal in Urkesh[18] | |
约前1700年 | 赫梯语 | 有关赫梯国王阿尼塔的西台楔形文字[19] | 用亚述文字写成的部分赫梯语词汇与名称在灰山被找到,其年代大约在前19世纪。[19] |
前16世纪 | 帕拉语 | 赫梯语文句 CTH 751–754[20] | |
约前1450年 | 迈锡尼希腊语 | 克诺索斯的线形文字B碑文[21][22][23] | 主要是行政名单,但也有一些完整的句子。[24] |
约前1400年 | 卢维语 | 以卢维语圣书体书写的纪念碑铭文,以及卢维语楔形文字的泥板。发现余哈图沙档案室。[25] | 自前18世纪起在图章上出现单独的象形文字。[25] |
约前1400年 | 哈梯语 | 赫梯语文句 CTH 725–745 | |
约前1300年 | 乌加里特语 | 乌加里特发现的泥板[26] | |
约前1200年 | 上古汉语 | 商朝武丁时期的甲骨文金文[27][28][29] |
-
武丁时期刻有占卜纪录的牛骨刻辞,约约前1200年。
公元前1千纪
[编辑]已知最早的字母系统铭文发现于Serabit el-Khadim(约前1500年), 其记录得似乎是某种西北闪米特语支的语言,但至今只有数个单词被破解。 在铁器时代早期,字母系统开始向近东和欧洲南部传播,且随着婆罗米系文字的出现,印度语言在公元前300年开始被记录下来。
对伊比利亚语、塔尔提索斯语、加拉提亚语、色雷斯语和梅萨比语等语言只有零碎的证据[31] The North Picene language of the Novilara Stele from 约600 BC has not been deciphered.[32] The earliest examples of the Central American Isthmian script date from 约500 BC, but a proposed decipherment remains controversial.[33]
时间 | 语言 | 证据 | 注释 |
---|---|---|---|
约前1000年 | 腓尼基语 | 亚希兰墓志铭[34] | |
前10世纪 | 亚拉姆语 | 来自亚兰城邦的皇家铭文[35] | |
前10世纪 | 希伯来语或腓尼基语 | 基色历[36] | 希伯来语当时使用的是略微修改过的腓尼基字母,因此无法明确知道其书写的语言是哪一种。 |
约前850年 | 亚扪语 | 亚扪堡垒铭文[37] | |
约前840年 | 摩押语 | 米沙石碑 | |
约前800年 | 弗里吉亚语 | 戈尔迪昂的原始弗里吉亚语铭文[38] | |
前8世纪 | 赛伯伊语(古南部阿拉伯语) | 主要为也门的牛耕式转行书写法铭文[39] | |
约前700年 | 伊特拉斯坎语 | proto-Corinthian vase found at Tarquinia[40] | |
前7世纪 | 拉丁语 | Vetusia Inscription and Fibula Praenestina[41] | |
约前600年 | 吕底亚语 | 萨第斯出土的铭文[25] | |
约前600年 | 卡里亚语 | inscriptions from Caria and Egypt[25] | |
约前600年 | 法利斯克语 | Ceres inscription found at Falerii[42] | |
前6世纪早期 | 翁布里亚语 | 双耳喷口杯手柄上的文字,发现地在托尔法附近[43] | |
约前550年 | 泰马语 | Esk 168和177[44] | The Taymanitic script is mentioned in an 8th century BC document from Carchemish.[45] |
约前550年 | 南皮赛恩语 | 卡佩斯特拉诺[46] | |
前6世纪晚期 | 威尼托语 | 在埃斯泰发现的碑文 | |
约前500年 | 古波斯语 | 贝希斯敦铭文 | |
约前500年 | 南阿尔卑高卢语 | 科莫的CO-48铭文与韦尔贾泰的VA-6铭文[47][48] | Inscriptions from the early 6th century consist of isolated names. |
约前300年 | 奥斯坎语 | Iovilae from Capua[49] | Coin legends date from the late 5th century BC.[50] |
前3世纪 | 高卢语 | Transalpine Gaulish inscriptions in Massiliote Greek script[51] | |
前3世纪 | 沃尔西语 | Tabula Veliterna[52] | |
约前260年 | 中古印度-雅利安语(普拉克里特诸语言) | 阿育王诏书[53][54] | Pottery inscriptions from Anuradhapura have been dated 约400 BC.[55][56] |
约前200年 | 泰米尔语 | cave inscriptions and potsherds in Tamil Nadu[57][58] | 5th century BC inscriptions on potsherds found in Kodumanal, Porunthal and Palani have been claimed as Tamil-Brahmi,[59][60] but this is disputed.[61] |
约前146年 | East Numidian | Punic-Libyan Inscription at Dougga[62] | |
前2世纪 | 麦罗埃语 | graffiti on the temple of Amun at Dukki Gel, near Kerma[63] | |
约100 BC | 凯尔特伊比利亚语 | 博托里塔牌匾 | |
前1世纪 | 安息语 | ostraca at Nisa and Qumis[64] | |
前1世纪 | 梵语 | 达纳的阿约提亚铭文与哈提巴达哥孙迪铭文(两者都位于奇陶尔加尔附近)[65] | The Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman (shortly after 150 AD) is the oldest long text.[66] |
公元1千纪
[编辑]Late Antiquity, we have for the first time languages with earliest records in manuscript tradition (as opposed to epigraphy). Thus, Old Armenian is first attested in the Armenian Bible translation.
The Vimose inscriptions (2nd and 3rd centuries) in the Elder Futhark runic alphabet appear to record Proto-Norse names. Some scholars interpret the Negau helmet inscription (约100 BC) as a Germanic fragment.
时间 | 语言 | 证据 | 注释 |
---|---|---|---|
约150年 | Bactrian | Rabatak inscription | |
约200年 | Proto-Norse | inscription NITHIJO TAWIDE on shield grip from the Illerup Ådal weapon deposit | Single Proto-Norse words are found on the Øvre Stabu spearhead (second half of the 2nd century) and the Vimose Comb (c. 160). |
292年 | Mayan | Stela 29 from Tikal[67] | A brief undeciphered inscription at San Bartolo is dated to the 3rd century BC.[68] |
312年–313年 | Sogdian | Ancient Letters, found near Dunhuang[69] | |
328年 | Arabic | Namara inscription | |
约350年 | Ge'ez | inscriptions of Ezana of Aksum[70] | |
约350年 | Cham | Đông Yên Châu inscription found near Tra Kiêu[71] | |
4世纪 | Gothic | Gothic Bible, translated by Wulfila[72] | A few problematic Gothic runic inscriptions may date to the early 4th century. |
约430年 | Georgian | Bir el Qutt inscriptions[73] | |
约450 | Kannada | Halmidi inscription[74] | Kavirajamarga (约850) is the oldest literary work.[74] |
约500年 | Armenian | inscription at the Tekor Basilica[75] | Saint Mesrob Mashtots is traditionally held to have translated an Armenian Bible in 434. |
约510年 | Old Dutch | formula for freeing a serf in the Malbergse Glossen on the Salic law[76] | A word in the mid-5th century Bergakker inscription yields the oldest evidence of Dutch morphology, but there is no consensus on the interpretation of the rest of the text.[76] |
6世纪 | Tocharian | manuscripts from Kucha, Karasahr and Dunhuang[77] | Some Tocharian names and words have been found in Prakrit documents from Krorän dated 约300 AD. |
second half of 6th century | Old High German | Pforzen buckle[78] | |
约575年 | Telugu | Erragudipadu inscription[74] | Telugu place names are found in Prakrit inscriptions from the 2nd century AD.[74] |
591年 | Korean | Sinseong (新城) Stele in Namsan (Gyeongju)[79][80] | |
611年 | Khmer | Angkor Borei inscription | |
约650年 | Old Japanese | mokkan wooden tablets[81] | Poems in the Kojiki (711–712) and Nihon Shoki (720) have been transmitted in copied manuscripts. |
约650年–700年 | Old Udi | Sinai palimpsest M13 | |
约683年 | Old Malay | Kedukan Bukit Inscription | |
7世纪 | Tumshuqese and Khotanese Saka | manuscripts mainly from Dunhuang[82] | Some fragments of Khotanese Saka have been dated to the 5th and 6th centuries |
7世纪 | Beja | ostracon from Saqqara[83][84] | |
7世纪晚期 | Pyu | Hpayahtaung funeral urn inscription of kings of Sri Ksetra | |
约700年 | Old English | runic inscription on the Franks Casket | The Undley bracteate (5th century) and West Heslerton brooch (约650) have fragmentary runic inscriptions. |
732年 | Old Turkic | Orkhon inscriptions | |
约750年 | Old Irish | Würzburg glosses[85] | Primitive Irish Ogham inscriptions from the 4th century consist of personal names, patronymics and/or clan names.[86][87] |
约765年 | Old Tibetan | Lhasa Zhol Pillar[88] | Dated entries in the Tibetan Annals begin at 650, but extant manuscripts postdate the Tibetan occupation of Dunhuang in 786.[89] |
769年 | Old Hindi | Dohakosh by Saraha | |
8世纪晚期 | Breton | Praecepta medica (Leyden, Codex Vossianus Lat. F. 96 A)[90] | A botanical manuscript in Latin and Breton |
约750年–900年 | Old Frisian | Westeremden yew-stick | |
约800年 | Old Norse | runic inscriptions | |
804年 | Javanese | initial part of the Sukabumi inscription[91] | |
9世纪 | Malayalam | Rajasekhara inscription at Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple[58] | Ramacaritam (12th century) is the oldest literary work.[58] |
9世纪 | Old Welsh | Cadfan Stone (Tywyn 2)[92] | |
约842年 | 古法语 | 斯特拉斯堡誓言 | |
约862年 | 古教会斯拉夫语 | 由西里尔和美多德翻译的宗教文学 | 语言主要在普雷斯拉夫文学学校和奥赫里德文学学校发展,这是保加利亚第一帝国的两个主要文化中心。 |
882年 | 巴厘语 | 注有日期的皇家铭文[93] | |
约900年 | 古奥克语 | 《Tomida femina》 | |
约959年–974年 | 莱昂语 | 《Nodicia de Kesos》 | |
约960年–963年 | 意大利语 | 《Placiti Cassinesi》[94] | The Veronese Riddle (约800) is considered a mixture of Italian and Latin.[95] |
986年 | 契丹语 | 耶律延宁墓志 | |
10世纪晚期 | 孔卡尼语/马拉提语 | 斯拉瓦纳贝拉戈的巴霍巴利雕像上的铭文 [96] | inscription on Bahubali statue at Shravanabelagola are in Devanagari script, but the language has been in dispute between Marathi and Konkani scholars.[97][98] |
公元1000年–1500年
[编辑]时间 | 语言 | 证据 | 注释 |
---|---|---|---|
972年–1093年 | 斯洛文尼亚语 | 佛莱辛手稿 | |
约1000年 | 古东斯拉夫语 | 《诺夫哥罗德法典》[99] | |
约1000年 | 巴斯克语、亚拉冈语 | 《艾米利亚努斯注释》 | |
约1028年 | 加泰隆语 | Jurament Feudal[100] | |
11世纪 | 莫扎拉布语 | kharjas appended to Arabic and Hebrew poems[101] | Isolated words are found in glossaries from the 8th century.[102] |
约1100年 | 克罗地亚语 | 巴许卡碑文 | |
约1100年 | 奧塞梯语 | 泽兰屈克铭文(Zelančuk inscription)[103] | |
约1106年 | 爱尔兰语 | Lebor na hUidre ("Book of the Dun Cow") | |
1113年 | 缅甸语 | Myazedi inscription | |
1114年 | 尼瓦尔语 | palm-leaf manuscript from Uku Baha, Patan[104] | |
1160年–1170年 | 中古荷兰语 | Het Leven van Sint Servaes ("Life of Saint Servatius") by Heinrich von Veldeke[105] | |
约1175年 | 加利西亚-葡萄牙语 | 《Notícia de Fiadores》[106] | The Notícia de Torto and the will of Afonso II of Portugal, dated 1214, are often cited as the first documents written in Galician-Portuguese.[107] A date prior to 1175 has been proposed for the Pacto dos Irmãos Pais.[108] |
1186年–1190年 | 塞尔维亚语 | 米罗斯拉夫福音书 | |
1189年 | 波斯尼亚语 | 班·布林宪章 | |
1192年 | 古匈牙利语 | 《葬礼的布道与祷词》 | There are isolated fragments in earlier charters such as the charter of Veszprém (约1000) and the charter of Tihany (1055). |
约1200年 | 西班牙语 | 《熙德之歌》 | Previously the Glosas Emilianenses and the Nodicia de kesos were considered the oldest texts in Spanish; however, later analyses concluded them to be Aragonese and Leonese, respectively.[109] |
约1200年 | 芬兰语支 | 白桦树皮信件第292号 | |
约1200年–1230年 | 捷克语 | founding charter of the Litoměřice chapter | |
1224年–1225年 | 蒙古语 | Genghis stone | |
13世纪早期 | 旁遮普语 | poetry of Fariduddin Ganjshakar | |
13世纪早期 | 康沃尔语 | prophesy in the cartulary of Glasney College[110] | A 9th century gloss in 波爱修斯的《哲学的慰藉》; ud rocashaas is controversially interpreted.[111][112] |
约1250年 | 喀什米尔语 | Mahanayakaprakash ("Light of the supreme lord") by Shitikantha[113] | |
约1270年 | Old Polish | Book of Henryków | |
1272年 | Yiddish | blessing in the Worms mahzor | |
约1274年 | Western Lombard | Libro de le tre scritture, by Bonvesin de la Riva | |
约1292年 | Thai | Ramkhamhaeng stele | Some scholars argue that the stele is a forgery. |
13世纪 | Tigrinya | a text of laws found in Logosarda | |
约1300年 | Batak | ||
约1350年 | Oghuz Turkic (including Azeri and Ottoman Turkish) | Imadaddin Nasimi | |
约1369年 | Old Prussian | Basel Epigram[114] | |
1372年 | Komi | Abur inscriptions | |
15世纪早期 | Bengali | poems of Chandidas and Vidyapati[115] | The 10th-century Charyapada are written in a language ancestral to Bengali, Assamese and Oriya.[115] |
约1440年 | Vietnamese | Quốc âm thi tập[116] | Isolated names in Chữ nôm date from the early 13th century. |
1462年 | Albanian | Formula e Pagëzimit, a baptismal formula in a letter of Archbishop Pal Engjëll | Some scholars interpret a few lines in the Bellifortis text (1405) as Albanian.[117] |
约1470年 | Finnish | single sentence in a German travel journal[118] | The first printed book in Finnish is Abckiria (1543) by Mikael Agricola. |
约1470年 | Maltese | Il Cantilena | |
1485年 | Yi | bronze bell inscription in Dafang County, Guizhou[119] | |
15世纪 | Tulu | inscriptions in an adaptation of Malayam script[120] |
1500年以后
[编辑]时间 | 语言 | 证据 | 注释 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
约1503年 | Lithuanian | hand-written Lord's Prayer, Hail Mary and Creed[121] | Katekizmas (1547) by Martynas Mažvydas was the first printed book in Lithuanian. | |
1517年 | Belarusian | Psalter of Francysk Skaryna | ||
1521年 | Romanian | Neacșu's Letter | Cyrillic orthographic manual of Constantin Kostentschi from 1420 documents earlier written usage.[122] Four 16th century documents, namely Codicele Voronetean, Psaltirea Scheiana, Psaltirea Hurmuzachi and Psaltirea Voroneteana, are arguably copies of 15th century originals.[123] | |
1530年 | 拉脱维亚语 | 尼可拉斯·拉姆(Nicholas Ramm)对易手赞美诗的翻译 | ||
1535年 | 爱沙尼亚语 | Wanradt-Koell的教义问答 | ||
1536年 | 现代葡萄牙语 | Grammatica da lingoagem portuguesa by Fernão de Oliveira. | by convention.[124] | |
1550年 | 古典纳瓦特尔语 | Doctrina cristiana en lengua española y mexicana[125] | The Breve y mas compendiosa doctrina cristiana en lengua mexicana y castellana (1539) was possibly the first printed book in the New World. No copies are known to exist today.[125] | |
约1550年 | 标准荷兰语 | Statenbijbel | The Statenbijbel is commonly accepted to be the start of Standard Dutch, but various experiments were performed around 1550 in Flanders and Brabant. Although none proved to be lasting they did create a semi-standard and many formed the base for the Statenbijbel. | |
1554年 | 瓦斯特克语 | grammar by Andrés de Olmos | ||
1557年 | 刚果语 | a catechism[126] | ||
1561年 | 罗塞尼亚语 | 佩列索普尼察亚 | ||
1593年 | 他加禄语 | 《基督教教义》 | ||
1600年 | 布吉语 | |||
约1610年 | Manx | 《公祷书》[127] | ||
1619年 | Pite Sami | primer and missal by Nicolaus Andreaus[128] | Early literary works were mainly based on dialects underlying modern Ume Sami and Pite Sami. First grammar and dictionary in 1738. | |
1639年 | Guarani | Tesoro de la lengua guaraní by Antonio Ruíz de Montoya | ||
约1650年 | 尤比克语、阿布哈兹语、阿迪格语和明格列尔语 | 爱维亚·瑟勒比的《旅游之书》[129] | ||
1651年 | Pashto | copy of Xayru 'l-bayān in the library of the University of Tübingen[130] | The Pata Khazana, purporting to date from the 8th century, is considered by most scholars to be a forgery.[130] | |
1693年 | Tunisian Arabic | copy of a Tunisian poem written by Sheykh Hassan el-Karray [131] | Before 1700, lyrics of songs were not written in Tunisian Arabic but in Classical Arabic. Even though Tunisian Arabic existed before, it was only used orally.[131] | |
约1695年 | Seri | grammar and vocabulary compiled by Adamo Gilg | No longer known to exist.[132] | |
17世纪 | Hausa | Riwayar Annabi Musa by Abdallah Suka[133] | ||
18世纪[134] | Língua Geral of São Paulo | Vocabulário da Língua Geral dos Índios das Américas (anonymous) | Another source is the dictionary by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1867) and the vocabulary (1936) by José Joaquim Machado de Oliveira. The language is now extinct. | |
1728年 | Northern Sami | Catechism | An early wordlist was published in 1589 by Richard Hakluyt. First grammar in 1743 | |
1728年 | Swahili | Utendi wa Tambuka | ||
1736年 | Greenlandic | Grönländische Grammatica by Paul Egede[135] | A poor-quality wordlist was recorded by John Davis in 1586.[136] | |
1743年 | Chinese Pidgin English | sentence recorded in Macau by George Anson[137] | ||
1788年 | Sydney language | notebooks of William Dawes[138][139] | ||
1800年 | Inuktitut | "Eskimo Grammar" by Moravian missionaries[135] | A list of 17 words was recorded in 1576 by Christopher Hall, an assistant to Martin Frobisher.[135][136] | |
1806年 | Tswana | Heinrich Lictenstein – Upon the Language of the Beetjuana | The first complete Bible translation was published in 1857 by Robert Moffat. | |
1819年 | Cherokee | Sequoyah's Cherokee syllabary | ||
1820年 | Maori | grammar by Thomas Kendall and Samuel Lee | Kendal began compiling wordlists in 1814. | |
1820年 | Aleut | description by Rasmus Rask | A short word list was collected by James King in 1778. | |
1823年 | Xhosa | John Bennie's Xhosa reading sheet | Complete Bible translation 1859 | |
约 1833年 | Vai | Vai syllabary created by Momolu Duwalu Bukele. | ||
1833年 | Sotho | reduced to writing by French missionaries Casalis and Arbousset | First grammar book 1841 and complete Bible translation 1881 | |
1837年 | Zulu | Incwadi Yokuqala Yabafundayo | First grammar book 1859 and complete Bible translation 1883 | |
1839年 | Lule Sami | pamphlet by Lars Levi Laestadius | Dictionary and grammar by Karl Bernhard Wiklund in 1890-1891 | |
1844年 | Afrikaans | letters by Louis Henri Meurant (published in Eastern Cape newspaper – South Africa) | Followed by Muslim texts written in Afrikaans using Arabic alphabet in 1856. Spelling rules published in 1874. Complete Bible published 1933. | |
1845年 | Santali | A Santali Primer by Jeremiah Phillips[140] | ||
1851年 | Sakha (Yakut) | Über die Sprache der Jakuten, a grammar by Otto von Böhtlingk | Wordlists were included in Noord en Oost Tartarije (1692) by Nicolaas Witsen and Das Nord-und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia (1730) by Philip Johan von Strahlenberg. | |
1854年 | Inari Sami | grammar by Elias Lönnrot | Primer and catechism published in 1859. | |
1856年 | Gamilaraay | articles by William Ridley[141] | Basic vocabulary collected by Thomas Mitchell in 1832. | |
1872年 | Venda | reduced to writing by the Berlin Missionaries | First complete Bible translation 1936 | |
1878年 | Kildin Sami | Gospel of Matthew | ||
1882年 | Mirandese | O dialecto mirandez by José Leite de Vasconcelos[142] | The same author also published the first book written in Mirandese: Flores mirandezas (1884)[143] | |
1884年 | 斯科尔特萨米语 | 以西里尔字母写的《马太福音》 | ||
1885年 | 达凯勒语 | 巴克维尔监狱文本(Barkerville Jail Text),该文本由当时刚刚创制的凯勒尔音节文字
纪录,以铅笔书写在一块板子上 || 虽然由母语人士书写的第一份文本在1885年写成,但该语言的首次文字纪录是1793年记录的单词列表,由探险家亚历山大·麦肯齐。 | ||
1885年 | 莫图语 | 威廉·乔治·拉韦斯编辑的语法书 | ||
1886年 | 古古伊米蒂尔语 | notes by Johann Flierl, Wilhelm Poland and Georg Schwarz, culminating in Walter Roth's The Structure of the Koko Yimidir Language in 1901.[144][145] | A list of 61 words recorded in 1770 by James Cook and Joseph Banks was the first written record of an Australian language.[146] | |
1891年 | Galela | grammatical sketch by M.J. van Baarda[147] | ||
1893年 | Oromo | translation of the New Testament by Onesimos Nesib, assisted by Aster Ganno | ||
1903年 | Lingala | grammar by Egide de Boeck | ||
1905年 | Istro-Romanian | Calendaru lu rumeri din Istria by Andrei Glavina[148] | Compilation of Istro-Romanian popular words, proverbs and stories. | |
约1940年 | Kamoro | materials by Peter Drabbe[147] | A Kamoro wordlist recorded in 1828 by Modera and Müller, passengers on a Dutch ship, is the oldest record of any of the Papuan languages.[147][149] | |
1968年 | 南恩德贝勒语 | small booklet published with praises of their kings and a little history | 新约圣经于1986年翻译完成;旧约的翻译仍在进行中。 | |
1982年 | 古尼扬迪语 | survey by William McGregor[150] |
依语系排列
[编辑]依较大的语言家族出现的时间排列:
- 亚非语系:大约从前27世纪
- 胡里安-乌拉尔图语:约前21世纪
- 印欧语系:大约从前17世纪
- 汉藏语系:约前1200年
- 达罗毗荼语系: 约前200年(泰米尔语)
- 马雅语系:3世纪
- 南岛语系:3世纪(占语)
- 南高加索语系:5世纪(格鲁吉亚语)
- 东北高加索语系:7世纪(乌第语)
- 南亚语系:7世纪(高棉语)
- 突厥语族:8世纪(古代突厥语)
- 日本-琉球语系:8世纪(上古日语)
- 尼罗-撒哈拉语系:8世纪(古努比亚语)
- 巴斯克语:约1000年
- 乌拉尔语系:12世纪
- 蒙古语:13世纪(明显与10世纪有文字纪录的契丹语有关联)
- 壮侗语族:13世纪(泰语)
- 犹他-阿兹特克语系:16世纪(古典纳瓦特尔语)
- 克丘亚诸语言:16世纪
- 尼日-刚果语系的班图语支:16世纪(刚果语)
- 西北高加索语系:17世纪(阿布哈兹语、阿迪格语、尤比克语)
- 澳大利亚原住民语言:18世纪
- 易洛魁语系:19世纪(切罗基语)
- 巴布亚诸语言:19世纪(莫图语)
- 苗瑶语系:20世纪
人工语言
[编辑]时间 | 语言 | 文件 | 注释 |
---|---|---|---|
1879年 | 沃拉普克语 | 由约翰·马丁·施莱尔构建 | |
1887年 | 世界语 | 《第一本书》 | 由拉扎鲁·柴门霍夫构建 |
1907年 | 伊多语 | 基于世界语修改而成 | |
1917年 | 昆雅语 | 由J·R·R·托尔金构建 | |
1928年 | 诺维亚语 | 由奥托·叶斯柏森构建 | |
1935年 | 索纳语 | 《索纳语,一种辅助性的中立语言》 (Sona, an auxiliary neutral language) |
由肯尼斯·塞里特构建 |
1943年 | 因特格罗沙语 | 后改成格罗沙语 | 由兰斯洛特·霍格本构建 |
1951年 | 因特语 | 因特语-英语字典 | 由国际辅助语协会构建 |
1955年 | Loglan | 由詹姆士·库克·布朗构建 | |
1984年 | 克林贡语 | 《星舰迷航记III:石破天惊》 | 由马尔克·奥克兰德 |
1987年 | Lojban | 基于Loglan修改而成,由逻辑语言小组(Logical Language Group)构建 | |
2005年–06年 | 纳美语 | 《阿凡达》 | 由保罗·弗朗莫与詹姆斯·卡麦隆构建 |
2009年 | 多斯拉克语 | 《权力游戏》 | 由乔治·R·R·马丁和大卫·J·彼得森构建 |
参见
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