跳转到内容

用户:TongcyDai/沙盒/I

维基百科,自由的百科全书

各语言最早纪录列表

[编辑]

本条目是按照该语言中已使用文本纪录完整句子的大致时间排列的语言列表,其中不包括未破解或未经广泛认可的文字及语言,也不包括仅由孤立单词或名字组成的碑文。在大多数情况下,该语言实际使用(或书写)的年代会比列表给出的时间早得多。

由于许多民族拥有口传传统、或是现有的文字是来自更早已佚失的手稿,书写记录不一定反映了当时的语言特征,反而可能对应到的是其更早的语言阶段,民间传说和史诗的流传更可能横亘数个世纪之久。一个极端的例子是以吠陀梵语写成的《梨俱吠陀》:其文本最早的部分可以追溯到公元前1500年左右[1] ,但目前已知最老的手稿大约在公元前1040年写成[2]。相似地,阿维斯陀语的最早纪录《伽萨》被认为是在公元前1000年之前创作的,而最古老的阿维斯陀语手稿可以追溯到公元13世纪。[3]

对于已知其前身的语言,这里提供的日期遵循传统术语???。 例如,古法语是逐渐从通俗拉丁语发展出来的,则列表中的斯特拉斯堡誓言(842年)被归类为古法语最早的文本。

公元前1千纪以前

[编辑]

书写系统最早出现在公元3000年初的近东地区。在青铜时代的结束英语Late Bronze Age collapse字母系统的兴起之前,该地区已被确认的语言非常有限:

东亚黄河流域在公元前2千年末,以古汉语为代表的汉藏语系也开始留下文字纪录。

此外,目前还有一些尚未破解的青铜时代文字纪录,包括:

更早期书写的符号,如中国河南贾湖契刻符号东南欧温查符号英语Vinča symbols迪斯皮里奥图章上的记号,都被认为是原始文字的一种,只能表达有限的概念,而无法像真实的书写系统记录作者的语言。

时间 语言 证据 注释
约前2690年 埃及语 伯里布森埃及第二王朝)墓穴中发现的埃及象形文字。地点位于埃及新河谷省乌姆·卡伯[7] “原象形文字”(proto-hieroglyphic)大约在前3300年(奈加代三期文化,参见阿拜多斯那尔迈调色板)出现。
前26世纪 苏美语 舒鲁帕克的指示英语Instructions of Shuruppak》,凯什神庙赞美诗英语Kesh temple hymn与其他在舒鲁帕克阿布·萨拉比克发现的楔形文字早王朝时期英语Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)[8][9] 乌鲁克时期自约前3500年(参见基什石灰岩板英语Kish tablet);为乌鲁克 and 乌尔 from 约前2900年。
约前2400年 迦南语英语Canaanite languages 乌纳斯金字塔中刻有保护闪米特人的咒语[10][11] Initial attempts at deciphering the texts failed due to Egyptologists mistaking the Semitic spells for Egyptian, thus rendering them unintelligible.
约前2400年 阿卡德语 A few dozen pre-Sargonic texts from Mari and other sites in northern Babylonia[12] Some proper names attested in Sumerian texts at Tell Harmal from about 2800 BC.[13] Fragments of the Legend of Etana at Tell Harmal 约2600 BC.[14]
约前2400年 埃勃拉语 埃勃拉文书[15]
约前2250年 埃兰语 艾万王朝英语Awan dynasty阿卡德帝国纳拉姆辛签订的和平契约[16][17]
前21世纪 胡里安语英语Hurrian language Temple inscription of Tish-atal in Urkesh[18]
约前1700年 赫梯语 有关赫梯国王阿尼塔西台楔形文字[19] 用亚述文字写成的部分赫梯语词汇与名称在灰山英语Kültepe被找到,其年代大约在前19世纪。[19]
前16世纪 帕拉语英语Palaic language 赫梯语文句英语Hittite texts CTH 751–754[20]
约前1450年 迈锡尼希腊语 克诺索斯线形文字B碑文[21][22][23] 主要是行政名单,但也有一些完整的句子。[24]
约前1400年 卢维语 卢维语圣书体英语Hieroglyphic Luwian书写的纪念碑铭文,以及卢维语楔形文字的泥板。发现余哈图沙档案室。[25] 自前18世纪起在图章上出现单独的象形文字。[25]
约前1400年 哈梯语 赫梯语文句英语Hs CTH 725–745
约前1300年 乌加里特语 乌加里特发现的泥板[26]
约前1200年 上古汉语 商朝武丁时期的甲骨文金文[27][28][29]

公元前1千纪

[编辑]
亚希兰英语Ahiram墓志铭是腓尼基语最早的实质铭文。

已知最早的字母系统铭文发现于Serabit el-Khadim英语Serabit el-Khadim(约前1500年), 其记录得似乎是某种西北闪米特语支英语Northwest Semitic的语言,但至今只有数个单词被破解。 在铁器时代早期,字母系统开始向近东和欧洲南部传播,且随着婆罗米系文字的出现,印度语言在公元前300年开始被记录下来。

伊比利亚语英语Iberian language塔尔提索斯语英语Tartessian language加拉提亚语色雷斯语梅萨比语英语Messapian language等语言只有零碎的证据[31] The North Picene language of the Novilara Stele from 约600 BC has not been deciphered.[32] The earliest examples of the Central American Isthmian script date from 约500 BC, but a proposed decipherment remains controversial.[33]

时间 语言 证据 注释
约前1000年 腓尼基语 亚希兰英语Ahiram墓志铭[34]
前10世纪 亚拉姆语 来自亚兰城邦的皇家铭文[35]
前10世纪 希伯来语腓尼基语 基色历[36] 希伯来语当时使用的是略微修改过的腓尼基字母,因此无法明确知道其书写的语言是哪一种。
约前850年 亚扪语 亚扪堡垒铭文英语Amman Citadel Inscription[37]
约前840年 摩押语英语Moabite language 米沙石碑
约前800年 弗里吉亚语英语Phrygian language 戈尔迪昂英语Gordion的原始弗里吉亚语铭文[38]
前8世纪 赛伯伊语英语Sabaean language古南部阿拉伯语英语Old South Arabian 主要为也门的牛耕式转行书写法铭文[39]
约前700年 伊特拉斯坎语 proto-Corinthian vase found at Tarquinia[40]
前7世纪 拉丁语 Vetusia Inscription and Fibula Praenestina[41]
约前600年 吕底亚语 萨第斯出土的铭文[25]
约前600年 卡里亚语 inscriptions from Caria and Egypt[25]
约前600年 法利斯克语 Ceres inscription found at Falerii[42]
前6世纪早期 翁布里亚语 双耳喷口杯英语krater手柄上的文字,发现地在托尔法附近[43]
约前550年 泰马语英语Taymanitic Esk 168和177[44] The Taymanitic script is mentioned in an 8th century BC document from Carchemish.[45]
约前550年 南皮赛恩语 卡佩斯特拉诺[46]
前6世纪晚期 威尼托语 埃斯泰发现的碑文
约前500年 古波斯语 贝希斯敦铭文
约前500年 南阿尔卑高卢语 科莫的CO-48铭文与韦尔贾泰的VA-6铭文[47][48] Inscriptions from the early 6th century consist of isolated names.
约前300年 奥斯坎语 Iovilae from Capua[49] Coin legends date from the late 5th century BC.[50]
前3世纪 高卢语 Transalpine Gaulish inscriptions in Massiliote Greek script[51]
前3世纪 沃尔西语 Tabula Veliterna[52]
约前260年 中古印度-雅利安语普拉克里特诸语言 阿育王诏书[53][54] Pottery inscriptions from Anuradhapura have been dated 约400 BC.[55][56]
约前200年 泰米尔语 cave inscriptions and potsherds in Tamil Nadu[57][58] 5th century BC inscriptions on potsherds found in Kodumanal, Porunthal and Palani have been claimed as Tamil-Brahmi,[59][60] but this is disputed.[61]
约前146年 East Numidian Punic-Libyan Inscription at Dougga[62]
前2世纪 麦罗埃语英语Meroitic language graffiti on the temple of Amun at Dukki Gel, near Kerma[63]
约100 BC 凯尔特伊比利亚语 博托里塔牌匾英语Botorrita plaques
前1世纪 安息语 ostraca at Nisa and Qumis[64]
前1世纪 梵语 达纳的阿约提亚铭文英语Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana哈提巴达哥孙迪铭文英语Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions(两者都位于奇陶尔加尔附近)[65] The Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman (shortly after 150 AD) is the oldest long text.[66]

公元1千纪

[编辑]

Late Antiquity, we have for the first time languages with earliest records in manuscript tradition (as opposed to epigraphy). Thus, Old Armenian is first attested in the Armenian Bible translation.

The Vimose inscriptions (2nd and 3rd centuries) in the Elder Futhark runic alphabet appear to record Proto-Norse names. Some scholars interpret the Negau helmet inscription (约100 BC) as a Germanic fragment.

时间 语言 证据 注释
约150年 Bactrian Rabatak inscription
约200年 Proto-Norse inscription NITHIJO TAWIDE on shield grip from the Illerup Ådal weapon deposit Single Proto-Norse words are found on the Øvre Stabu spearhead (second half of the 2nd century) and the Vimose Comb (c. 160).
292年 Mayan Stela 29 from Tikal[67] A brief undeciphered inscription at San Bartolo is dated to the 3rd century BC.[68]
312年–313年 Sogdian Ancient Letters, found near Dunhuang[69]
328年 Arabic Namara inscription
约350年 Ge'ez inscriptions of Ezana of Aksum[70]
约350年 Cham Đông Yên Châu inscription found near Tra Kiêu[71]
4世纪 Gothic Gothic Bible, translated by Wulfila[72] A few problematic Gothic runic inscriptions may date to the early 4th century.
约430年 Georgian Bir el Qutt inscriptions[73]
约450 Kannada Halmidi inscription[74] Kavirajamarga (约850) is the oldest literary work.[74]
约500年 Armenian inscription at the Tekor Basilica[75] Saint Mesrob Mashtots is traditionally held to have translated an Armenian Bible in 434.
约510年 Old Dutch formula for freeing a serf in the Malbergse Glossen on the Salic law[76] A word in the mid-5th century Bergakker inscription yields the oldest evidence of Dutch morphology, but there is no consensus on the interpretation of the rest of the text.[76]
6世纪 Tocharian manuscripts from Kucha, Karasahr and Dunhuang[77] Some Tocharian names and words have been found in Prakrit documents from Krorän dated 约300 AD.
second half of 6th century Old High German Pforzen buckle[78]
约575年 Telugu Erragudipadu inscription[74] Telugu place names are found in Prakrit inscriptions from the 2nd century AD.[74]
591年 Korean Sinseong (新城) Stele in Namsan (Gyeongju)[79][80]
611年 Khmer Angkor Borei inscription
约650年 Old Japanese mokkan wooden tablets[81] Poems in the Kojiki (711–712) and Nihon Shoki (720) have been transmitted in copied manuscripts.
约650年–700年 Old Udi Sinai palimpsest M13
约683年 Old Malay Kedukan Bukit Inscription
7世纪 Tumshuqese and Khotanese Saka manuscripts mainly from Dunhuang[82] Some fragments of Khotanese Saka have been dated to the 5th and 6th centuries
7世纪 Beja ostracon from Saqqara[83][84]
7世纪晚期 Pyu Hpayahtaung funeral urn inscription of kings of Sri Ksetra
约700年 Old English runic inscription on the Franks Casket The Undley bracteate (5th century) and West Heslerton brooch (约650) have fragmentary runic inscriptions.
732年 Old Turkic Orkhon inscriptions
约750年 Old Irish Würzburg glosses[85] Primitive Irish Ogham inscriptions from the 4th century consist of personal names, patronymics and/or clan names.[86][87]
约765年 Old Tibetan Lhasa Zhol Pillar[88] Dated entries in the Tibetan Annals begin at 650, but extant manuscripts postdate the Tibetan occupation of Dunhuang in 786.[89]
769年 Old Hindi Dohakosh by Saraha
8世纪晚期 Breton Praecepta medica (Leyden, Codex Vossianus Lat. F. 96 A)[90] A botanical manuscript in Latin and Breton
约750年–900年 Old Frisian Westeremden yew-stick
约800年 Old Norse runic inscriptions
804年 Javanese initial part of the Sukabumi inscription[91]
9世纪 Malayalam Rajasekhara inscription at Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple[58] Ramacaritam (12th century) is the oldest literary work.[58]
9世纪 Old Welsh Cadfan Stone (Tywyn 2)[92]
约842年 古法语 斯特拉斯堡誓言
约862年 古教会斯拉夫语 西里尔美多德翻译的宗教文学 语言主要在普雷斯拉夫文学学校英语Preslav Literary School奥赫里德文学学校英语Ohrid Literary School发展,这是保加利亚第一帝国的两个主要文化中心。
882年 巴厘语 注有日期的皇家铭文[93]
约900年 古奥克语英语Old Occitan Tomida femina英语Tomida femina
约959年–974年 莱昂语 Nodicia de Kesos英语Nodicia de Kesos
约960年–963年 意大利语 Placiti Cassinesi英语Placiti Cassinesi[94] The Veronese Riddle (约800) is considered a mixture of Italian and Latin.[95]
986年 契丹语 耶律延宁墓志
10世纪晚期 孔卡尼语/马拉提语 斯拉瓦纳贝拉戈英语Shravanabelagola巴霍巴利雕像上的铭文 [96] inscription on Bahubali statue at Shravanabelagola are in Devanagari script, but the language has been in dispute between Marathi and Konkani scholars.[97][98]

公元1000年–1500年

[编辑]
时间 语言 证据 注释
972年–1093年 斯洛文尼亚语 佛莱辛手稿英语Freising manuscripts
约1000年 古东斯拉夫语 诺夫哥罗德法典英语Novgorod Codex[99]
约1000年 巴斯克语亚拉冈语 艾米利亚努斯注释英语Glosas Emilianenses
约1028年 加泰隆语 Jurament Feudal[100]
11世纪 莫扎拉布语 kharjas appended to Arabic and Hebrew poems[101] Isolated words are found in glossaries from the 8th century.[102]
约1100年 克罗地亚语 巴许卡碑文英语Baška tablet
约1100年 奧塞梯语 泽兰屈克铭文(Zelančuk inscription)[103]
约1106年 爱尔兰语 Lebor na hUidre ("Book of the Dun Cow")
1113年 缅甸语 Myazedi inscription
1114年 尼瓦尔语 palm-leaf manuscript from Uku Baha, Patan[104]
 1160年–1170年 中古荷兰语英语Middle Dutch Het Leven van Sint Servaes ("Life of Saint Servatius") by Heinrich von Veldeke[105]
约1175年 加利西亚-葡萄牙语 Notícia de Fiadores[106] The Notícia de Torto and the will of Afonso II of Portugal, dated 1214, are often cited as the first documents written in Galician-Portuguese.[107] A date prior to 1175 has been proposed for the Pacto dos Irmãos Pais.[108]
 1186年–1190年 塞尔维亚语 米罗斯拉夫福音书英语Miroslav Gospel
1189年 波斯尼亚语 班·布林英语Ban Kulin宪章
1192年 古匈牙利语英语Old Hungarian language 葬礼的布道与祷词英语Funeral Sermon and Prayer There are isolated fragments in earlier charters such as the charter of Veszprém (约1000) and the charter of Tihany (1055).
约1200年 西班牙语 熙德之歌 Previously the Glosas Emilianenses and the Nodicia de kesos were considered the oldest texts in Spanish; however, later analyses concluded them to be Aragonese and Leonese, respectively.[109]
约1200年 芬兰语支 白桦树皮信件第292号英语Birch bark letter no. 292
约1200年–1230年 捷克语 founding charter of the Litoměřice chapter
1224年–1225年 蒙古语 Genghis stone
13世纪早期 旁遮普语 poetry of Fariduddin Ganjshakar
13世纪早期 康沃尔语 prophesy in the cartulary of Glasney College[110] A 9th century gloss in 波爱修斯的《哲学的慰藉英语The_Consolation_of_Philosophy》; ud rocashaas is controversially interpreted.[111][112]
约1250年 喀什米尔语 Mahanayakaprakash ("Light of the supreme lord") by Shitikantha[113]
约1270年 Old Polish Book of Henryków
1272年 Yiddish blessing in the Worms mahzor
约1274年 Western Lombard Libro de le tre scritture, by Bonvesin de la Riva
约1292年 Thai Ramkhamhaeng stele Some scholars argue that the stele is a forgery.
13世纪 Tigrinya a text of laws found in Logosarda
约1300年 Batak
约1350年 Oghuz Turkic (including Azeri and Ottoman Turkish) Imadaddin Nasimi
约1369年 Old Prussian Basel Epigram[114]
1372年 Komi Abur inscriptions
15世纪早期 Bengali poems of Chandidas and Vidyapati[115] The 10th-century Charyapada are written in a language ancestral to Bengali, Assamese and Oriya.[115]
约1440年 Vietnamese Quốc âm thi tập[116] Isolated names in Chữ nôm date from the early 13th century.
1462年 Albanian Formula e Pagëzimit, a baptismal formula in a letter of Archbishop Pal Engjëll Some scholars interpret a few lines in the Bellifortis text (1405) as Albanian.[117]
约1470年 Finnish single sentence in a German travel journal[118] The first printed book in Finnish is Abckiria (1543) by Mikael Agricola.
约1470年 Maltese Il Cantilena
1485年 Yi bronze bell inscription in Dafang County, Guizhou[119]
15世纪 Tulu inscriptions in an adaptation of Malayam script[120]

1500年以后

[编辑]
时间 语言 证据 注释
约1503年 Lithuanian hand-written Lord's Prayer, Hail Mary and Creed[121] Katekizmas (1547) by Martynas Mažvydas was the first printed book in Lithuanian.
1517年 Belarusian Psalter of Francysk Skaryna
1521年 Romanian Neacșu's Letter Cyrillic orthographic manual of Constantin Kostentschi from 1420 documents earlier written usage.[122] Four 16th century documents, namely Codicele Voronetean, Psaltirea Scheiana, Psaltirea Hurmuzachi and Psaltirea Voroneteana, are arguably copies of 15th century originals.[123]
1530年 拉脱维亚语 尼可拉斯·拉姆(Nicholas Ramm)对易手赞美诗的翻译
1535年 爱沙尼亚语 Wanradt-Koell的教义问答
1536年 现代葡萄牙语 Grammatica da lingoagem portuguesa by Fernão de Oliveira. by convention.[124]
1550年 古典纳瓦特尔语 Doctrina cristiana en lengua española y mexicana[125] The Breve y mas compendiosa doctrina cristiana en lengua mexicana y castellana (1539) was possibly the first printed book in the New World. No copies are known to exist today.[125]
约1550年 标准荷兰语 Statenbijbel The Statenbijbel is commonly accepted to be the start of Standard Dutch, but various experiments were performed around 1550 in Flanders and Brabant. Although none proved to be lasting they did create a semi-standard and many formed the base for the Statenbijbel.
1554年 瓦斯特克语英语Wastek language grammar by Andrés de Olmos
1557年 刚果语 a catechism[126]
1561年 罗塞尼亚语 佩列索普尼察亚英语Peresopnytsia Gospel
1593年 他加禄语 基督教教义英语Doctrina Cristiana
1600年 布吉语
约1610年 Manx 公祷书[127]
1619年 Pite Sami primer and missal by Nicolaus Andreaus[128] Early literary works were mainly based on dialects underlying modern Ume Sami and Pite Sami. First grammar and dictionary in 1738.
1639年 Guarani Tesoro de la lengua guaraní by Antonio Ruíz de Montoya
约1650年 尤比克语阿布哈兹语阿迪格语明格列尔语 爱维亚·瑟勒比的《旅游之书英语Seyahatnâme[129]
1651年 Pashto copy of Xayru 'l-bayān in the library of the University of Tübingen[130] The Pata Khazana, purporting to date from the 8th century, is considered by most scholars to be a forgery.[130]
1693年 Tunisian Arabic copy of a Tunisian poem written by Sheykh Hassan el-Karray [131] Before 1700, lyrics of songs were not written in Tunisian Arabic but in Classical Arabic. Even though Tunisian Arabic existed before, it was only used orally.[131]
约1695年 Seri grammar and vocabulary compiled by Adamo Gilg No longer known to exist.[132]
17世纪 Hausa Riwayar Annabi Musa by Abdallah Suka[133]
18世纪[134] Língua Geral of São Paulo Vocabulário da Língua Geral dos Índios das Américas (anonymous) Another source is the dictionary by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1867) and the vocabulary (1936) by José Joaquim Machado de Oliveira. The language is now extinct.
1728年 Northern Sami Catechism An early wordlist was published in 1589 by Richard Hakluyt. First grammar in 1743
1728年 Swahili Utendi wa Tambuka
1736年 Greenlandic Grönländische Grammatica by Paul Egede[135] A poor-quality wordlist was recorded by John Davis in 1586.[136]
1743年 Chinese Pidgin English sentence recorded in Macau by George Anson[137]
1788年 Sydney language notebooks of William Dawes[138][139]
1800年 Inuktitut "Eskimo Grammar" by Moravian missionaries[135] A list of 17 words was recorded in 1576 by Christopher Hall, an assistant to Martin Frobisher.[135][136]
1806年 Tswana Heinrich LictensteinUpon the Language of the Beetjuana The first complete Bible translation was published in 1857 by Robert Moffat.
1819年 Cherokee Sequoyah's Cherokee syllabary
1820年 Maori grammar by Thomas Kendall and Samuel Lee Kendal began compiling wordlists in 1814.
1820年 Aleut description by Rasmus Rask A short word list was collected by James King in 1778.
1823年 Xhosa John Bennie's Xhosa reading sheet Complete Bible translation 1859
约 1833年 Vai Vai syllabary created by Momolu Duwalu Bukele.
1833年 Sotho reduced to writing by French missionaries Casalis and Arbousset First grammar book 1841 and complete Bible translation 1881
1837年 Zulu Incwadi Yokuqala Yabafundayo First grammar book 1859 and complete Bible translation 1883
1839年 Lule Sami pamphlet by Lars Levi Laestadius Dictionary and grammar by Karl Bernhard Wiklund in 1890-1891
1844年 Afrikaans letters by Louis Henri Meurant (published in Eastern Cape newspaper – South Africa) Followed by Muslim texts written in Afrikaans using Arabic alphabet in 1856. Spelling rules published in 1874. Complete Bible published 1933.
1845年 Santali A Santali Primer by Jeremiah Phillips[140]
1851年 Sakha (Yakut) Über die Sprache der Jakuten, a grammar by Otto von Böhtlingk Wordlists were included in Noord en Oost Tartarije (1692) by Nicolaas Witsen and Das Nord-und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia (1730) by Philip Johan von Strahlenberg.
1854年 Inari Sami grammar by Elias Lönnrot Primer and catechism published in 1859.
1856年 Gamilaraay articles by William Ridley[141] Basic vocabulary collected by Thomas Mitchell in 1832.
1872年 Venda reduced to writing by the Berlin Missionaries First complete Bible translation 1936
1878年 Kildin Sami Gospel of Matthew
1882年 Mirandese O dialecto mirandez by José Leite de Vasconcelos[142] The same author also published the first book written in Mirandese: Flores mirandezas (1884)[143]
1884年 斯科尔特萨米语 以西里尔字母写的《马太福音》
1885年 达凯勒语英语Carrier language 巴克维尔监狱文本(Barkerville Jail Text),该文本由当时刚刚创制的凯勒尔音节文字英语Carrier syllabics

纪录,以铅笔书写在一块板子上 || 虽然由母语人士书写的第一份文本在1885年写成,但该语言的首次文字纪录是1793年记录的单词列表,由探险家亚历山大·麦肯齐英语Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)

1885年 莫图语英语Motu language 威廉·乔治·拉韦斯英语William George Lawes编辑的语法书
1886年 古古伊米蒂尔语英语Guugu Yimithirr language notes by Johann Flierl, Wilhelm Poland and Georg Schwarz, culminating in Walter Roth's The Structure of the Koko Yimidir Language in 1901.[144][145] A list of 61 words recorded in 1770 by James Cook and Joseph Banks was the first written record of an Australian language.[146]
1891年 Galela grammatical sketch by M.J. van Baarda[147]
1893年 Oromo translation of the New Testament by Onesimos Nesib, assisted by Aster Ganno
1903年 Lingala grammar by Egide de Boeck
1905年 Istro-Romanian Calendaru lu rumeri din Istria by Andrei Glavina[148] Compilation of Istro-Romanian popular words, proverbs and stories.
约1940年 Kamoro materials by Peter Drabbe[147] A Kamoro wordlist recorded in 1828 by Modera and Müller, passengers on a Dutch ship, is the oldest record of any of the Papuan languages.[147][149]
1968年 南恩德贝勒语 small booklet published with praises of their kings and a little history 新约圣经于1986年翻译完成;旧约的翻译仍在进行中。
1982年 古尼扬迪语英语Gooniyandi language survey by William McGregor[150]

依语系排列

[编辑]

依较大的语言家族出现的时间排列:

人工语言

[编辑]
时间 语言 文件 注释
1879年 沃拉普克语 约翰·马丁·施莱尔构建
1887年 世界语 第一本书 拉扎鲁·柴门霍夫构建
1907年 伊多语 基于世界语修改而成
1917年 昆雅语 J·R·R·托尔金构建
1928年 诺维亚语 奥托·叶斯柏森构建
1935年 索纳语英语Sona language (artificial) 《索纳语,一种辅助性的中立语言》
(Sona, an auxiliary neutral language)
肯尼斯·塞里特英语Kenneth Searight构建
1943年 因特格罗沙语英语Interglossa 后改成格罗沙语 兰斯洛特·霍格本英语Lancelot Hogben构建
1951年 因特语 因特语-英语字典英语Interlingua-English Dictionary 国际辅助语协会构建
1955年 Loglan 詹姆士·库克·布朗构建
1984年 克林贡语 星舰迷航记III:石破天惊 马尔克·奥克兰德英语Marc Okrand
1987年 Lojban 基于Loglan修改而成,由逻辑语言小组(Logical Language Group)构建
2005年–06年 纳美语 阿凡达 保罗·弗朗莫詹姆斯·卡麦隆构建
2009年 多斯拉克语 权力游戏 乔治·R·R·马丁大卫·J·彼得森构建

参见

[编辑]

参考

[编辑]
参考资料
  1. ^ Jamison, Stephanie W. Sanskrit. Woodward, Roger D. (编). The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 6–32. ISBN 978-0-521-68494-1.  pp. 6–7.
  2. ^ Witzel, Michael. The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools : The Social and Political Milieu12312 (PDF). Witzel, Michael (编). Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies. 1997: 257–348. ISBN 978-1-888789-03-4.  p. 259.
  3. ^ Hale, Mark. Avestan. Woodward, Roger D. (编). The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 101–122. ISBN 978-0-521-68494-1. 
  4. ^ Woodard (2008),第2页.
  5. ^ Linear A – Undeciphered Writing System of the Minoans. Archaeology.about.com. 2013-07-13 [2013-09-17]. 
  6. ^ Woodard (2008),第3页.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Allen, James P. The Ancient Egyptian Language. Cambridge University Press. 2003: 2. ISBN 978-1-107-66467-8. 
  8. ^ Hayes, John. A Manual of Sumerian: Grammar and Texts. Malibu, CA.: UNDENA. 1990: 268–269. ISBN 978-0-89003-197-1. 
  9. ^ Woods (2010),第87页.
  10. ^ Earliest Semitic Text Revealed In Egyptian Pyramid Inscription. ScienceDaily. [2019-01-06] (英语). 
  11. ^ לחשים בקדם־כנענית בכתבי הפירמידות: סקירה ראשונה של תולדות העברית באלף השלישי לפסה"נ | האקדמיה ללשון העברית. hebrew-academy.org.il. 2013-05-21 [2019-01-06] (he-IL). 
  12. ^ Hasselbach, Rebecca. Sargonic Akkadian: A Historical and Comparative Study of the Syllabic Texts. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 2005: 8. ISBN 978-3-447-05172-9. 
  13. ^ Andrew George, "Babylonian and Assyrian: A History of Akkadian", In: Postgate, J. N., (ed.), Languages of Iraq, Ancient and Modern. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, pp. 31–71.
  14. ^ Clay, Albert T. Atrahasis: An Ancient Hebrew Deluge Story. Book Tree. 2003: 34. ISBN 978-1-58509-228-4. 
  15. ^ Huehnergard, John; Woods, Christopher. Akkadian and Eblaite. Woodard, Roger D. (编). The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 83–145. ISBN 978-0-521-68497-2. 
  16. ^ Stolper, Matthew W. Elamite. Woodard, Roger D. (编). The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 47–82. ISBN 978-0-521-68497-2. 
  17. ^ Potts, D.T. The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. 1999: 111. ISBN 978-0-521-56496-0. 
  18. ^ van Soldt, Wilfred H. The adaptation of Cuneiform script to foreign languages. De Voogt, Alexander J.; Finkel, Irving L. (编). The Idea of Writing: Play and Complexity. BRILL. 2010: 117–128. ISBN 978-90-04-17446-7. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Watkins, Calvert. Hittite. Woodard, Roger D. (编). The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 6–30. ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5. 
  20. ^ Melchert, H. Craig. Palaic. Woodard, Roger D. (编). The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 40–45. ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5. 
  21. ^ Shelmerdine, Cynthia. Where Do We Go From Here? And How Can the Linear B Tablets Help Us Get There? (PDF). [2008-03-27]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-10-03). 
  22. ^ Olivier (1986),第377f页.
  23. ^ Clay tablets inscribed with records in Linear B script. British Museum. [7 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-04). 
  24. ^ Bennett, Emmett L. Aegean scripts. Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (编). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. 1996: 125–133. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Baldi (2002),第30页.
  26. ^ Pardee, Dennis. Ugaritic. Woodard, Roger D. (编). The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 5–35. ISBN 978-0-521-68498-9. 
  27. ^ Bagley (1999),第181–182页.
  28. ^ Keightley (1999),第235–237页.
  29. ^ DeFrancis, John. Chinese. Visible Speech. The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems. University of Hawaii Press. 1989: 89–121. ISBN 978-0-8248-1207-2. 
  30. ^ Lettre du grand-prêtre Lu'enna. Louvre. [16 September 2018]. 
  31. ^ Woodard (2008),第4, 9, 11页.
  32. ^ Woodard (2008),第4页.
  33. ^ Robinson, Andrew. Lost Languages: The Enigma of the World's Undeciphered Scripts. Thames & Hudson. 2008: 263. ISBN 978-0-500-51453-5. 
  34. ^ Cook, Edward M. On the Linguistic Dating of the Phoenician Ahiram Inscription (KAI 1). Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 1994, 53 (1): 33–36. JSTOR 545356. doi:10.1086/373654. 
  35. ^ Creason, Stuart. Aramaic. Woodard, Roger D. (编). The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 108–144. ISBN 978-0-521-68498-9. 
  36. ^ Silvan, Daniel. The Gezer Calendar and Northwest Semitic Linguistics. Israel Exploration Journal. 1998, 48 (1/2): 101–105. JSTOR 27926502. 
  37. ^ Fulco, William J. The Ammn Citadel Inscription: A New Collation. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 1978, 230 (230): 39–43. JSTOR 1356612. doi:10.2307/1356612. 
  38. ^ Brixhe, Claude. Phrygian. Woodard, Roger D. (编). The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 69–80. ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5. 
  39. ^ Nebes, Norbert; Stein, Peter. Ancient South Arabian. Woodard, Roger D. (编). The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 145–178. ISBN 978-0-521-68498-9. 
  40. ^ F. W. Walbank, A. E. Astin, M. W. Frederiksen (编). Part 2 of The Cambridge Ancient History: The Hellenistic World. Cambridge University Press. 1990: 12. ISBN 978-0-521-23446-7. 
  41. ^ Clackson, James. A Companion to the Latin Language. John Wiley & Sons. 2011: 13. ISBN 978-1-4443-4336-6. 
  42. ^ Bakkum, Gabriël C. L. M. The Latin dialect of the Ager Faliscus: 150 years of scholarship, Volume 1. University of Amsterdam Press. 2009: 393–406. ISBN 978-90-5629-562-2. 
  43. ^ Wallace, Rex E. Recent Research on Sabellian Inscriptions. Indo-European Studies Bulletin. 1998, 8 (1): 1–9.  p. 4.
  44. ^ Macdonald, M.C.A. Ancient North Arabian. Woodard, Roger D. (编). The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 179–224. ISBN 978-0-521-68498-9.  p. 181.
  45. ^ Macdonald, M.C.A. Reflections on the linguistic map of pre-Islamic Arabia (PDF). Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 2000, 11 (1): 28–79. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0471.2000.aae110106.x. 
  46. ^ Clackson, James; Horrocks, Geoffrey. The Blackwell History of the Latin Language. Blackwell. 2007: 49. ISBN 978-1-4051-6209-8. 
  47. ^ Lexicon Leponticum, by David Stifter, Martin Braun and Michela Vignoli, University of Vienna.
  48. ^ Stifter, David. Celtic in northern Italy: Lepontic and Cisalpine Gaulish (PDF). 2012 [24 October 2016]. 
  49. ^ Buck, Carl Darling. A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian: With a Collection of Inscriptions and a Glossary. Boston: The Athenaeum Press. 1904: 247–248. 
  50. ^ Buck (1904),第4页.
  51. ^ Eska, Joseph F. Continental Celtic. Woodard, Roger D. (编). The Ancient Languages of Europe. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 165–188. ISBN 978-0-521-68495-8. 
  52. ^ Baldi (2002),第140页.
  53. ^ Rogers, Henry. Writing Systems. Black Publishing. 2004. ISBN 978-0-631-23464-7.  p. 204
  54. ^ Pollock (2003),第60页.
  55. ^ Ray, Himanshu Prabha. Inscribed pots, emerging identities. Olivelle, Patrick (编). Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE. Oxford University Press. 2006: 113–143. ISBN 978-0-19-977507-1. , pp. 121–122.
  56. ^ Coningham, R.A.E.; Allchin, F.R.; Batt, C.M.; Lucy, D. Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the Early Use of the Brahmi Script. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 1996, 6 (1): 73–97. doi:10.1017/S0959774300001608. 
  57. ^ Zvelebil, Kamil Veith. Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature. BRILL. 1992: 122–123. ISBN 978-90-04-09365-2. 
  58. ^ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Krishnamurti (2003),第22页.
  59. ^ Rajan, K. Situating Iron Age moduments in South Asia: a textual and ethnographic approach. Robbins Schug, Gwen; Walimbe, Subhash R. (编). A Companion to South Asia in the Past. Wiley-Blackwell. 2016: 310–318. ISBN 978-1-119-05548-8.  p. 311.
  60. ^ Rajan, K. Iron Age – Early Historic Transition in South India: an appraisal (PDF). Institute of Archaeology. 2014: 9. 
  61. ^ Falk, Harry. Owner's graffiti on pottery from Tissamaharama. Zeitschrift für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen. 2014, 6: 46, with footnote 2.  Falk has criticized the Kodumanal and Porunthal claims as "particularly ill-informed"; Falk argues that some of the earliest supposed inscriptions are not Brahmi letters at all, but merely misinterpreted non-linguistic Megalithic graffiti symbols, which were used in South India for several centuries during the pre-literate era.
  62. ^ Mausoleum of Ateban. British Museum. 
  63. ^ Rilly, Claude; de Voogt, Alex. The Meroitic Language and Writing System. Cambridge University Press. 2012: 6. ISBN 978-1-139-56053-5. 
  64. ^ Tafazzoli, A. Sassanian Iran: Intellectual Life, Part One: Written Works (PDF). Litvinsky, B.A (编). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume 3. UNESCO. 1996: 81–94. ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0,  page 94.
  65. ^ Salomon, Richard. Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. 1998: 86–87. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3. 
  66. ^ Salomon (1998), p. 89.
  67. ^ Bricker, Victoria R. Mayab. Woodward, Roger D. (编). The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 163–1922. ISBN 978-0-521-68494-1. 
  68. ^ Saturno, William A.; Stuart, David; Beltrán, Boris. Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala (PDF). Science. 2006, 311 (5765): 1281–1283. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1281S. PMID 16400112. doi:10.1126/science.1121745. 
  69. ^ Henning, W. B. The Date of the Sogdian Ancient Letters. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 1948, 12 (3/4): 601–615. JSTOR 608717. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00083178. 
  70. ^ Gragg, Gene. Ge'ez (Aksum). Woodard, Roger D. (编). The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 211–237. ISBN 978-0-521-68497-2. 
  71. ^ Thurgood, Graham. From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change. University of Hawaii Press. 1999: 3. ISBN 978-0-8248-2131-9. 
  72. ^ Jasanoff, Jay H. Gothic. Woodard, Roger D. (编). The Ancient Languages of Europe. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 189–214. ISBN 978-0-521-68495-8. 
  73. ^ Hewitt, B.G. Georgian: A Structural Reference Grammar. John Benjamins. 1995: 4. ISBN 978-90-272-3802-3. 
  74. ^ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 Krishnamurti (2003),第23页.
  75. ^ Clackson, James P.T. Classical Armenian. Woodard, Roger D. (编). The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 124–144. ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5. 
  76. ^ 76.0 76.1 Willemyns, Roland. Dutch: Biography of a Language. Oxford University Press. 2013: 40–41. ISBN 978-0-19-932366-1. 
  77. ^ Beekes, Robert S.P. Comparative Indo-European linguistics: an Introduction. J. Benjamins. 1995: 20. ISBN 978-90-272-2151-3. 
  78. ^ Düwel, Klaus. Runic. Murdoch, Brian; Read, Malcolm Kevin (编). Early Germanic Literature and Culture. Boydell & Brewer. 2004: 121–147. ISBN 978-1-57113-199-7. 
  79. ^ Lee, Iksop; Ramsey, S. Robert. The Korean Language. SUNY Press. 2000: 276. ISBN 978-0-7914-4831-1. 
  80. ^ Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert. A History of the Korean Language. Cambridge University Press. 2011: 55. ISBN 978-0-521-66189-8. 
  81. ^ {{cite book | given = Bjarke | surname = Frellesvig | title = A History of the Japanese Language | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-521-65320-6 | page = 22 }
  82. ^ Emmerick, Ronald E. Khotanese and Tumshuqese. Windfuhr, Gernot (编). The Iranian languages. Routledge. 2009: 378–379. ISBN 978-0-7007-1131-4. 
  83. ^ Browne, Gerald. Textus blemmyicus in aetatis christianae. Champaign: Stipes. 2003. ISBN 978-1-58874-275-9. 
  84. ^ Wedekind, Klaus. More on the Ostracon of Browne's Textus Blemmyicus. Annali Dell'Università Degli Studi di Napoli l'Orientale. 2010, 70: 73–81. 
  85. ^ McCone, Kim. A first Old Irish grammar and reader. National University of Ireland. 2005: 4. ISBN 978-0-901519-36-8. 
  86. ^ Edwards, Nancy. The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland. Routledge. 2006: 103. ISBN 978-0-415-22000-2. 
  87. ^ McManus, Damien. A Guide to Ogam. Maynooth, Co. Kildare: An Sagart. 1991: 51. ISBN 978-1-870684-17-0. 
  88. ^ Walter, Michael L.; Beckwith, Christopher I. The Dating and Interpretation of the Old Tibetan Inscriptions. Central Asiatic Journal. 2010, 54 (2): 291–319. JSTOR 41928562. 
  89. ^ Schaeffer, Kurtis R.; Kapstein, Matthew; Tuttle, Gray (编). Sources of Tibetan Tradition. Columbia University Press. 2013: 47. ISBN 978-0-231-13599-3. 
  90. ^ Kerlouégan, François. Le De Excidio Britanniae de Gildas. Les destinées de la culture latine dans l'île de Bretagne au VIe siècle. Publications de la Sorbonne. 1987: 171–172. ISBN 978-2-85944-064-0 (法语). 
  91. ^ de Casparis, J. G. Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the Beginnings to C. A.D. 1500, Volume 4, Issue 1. BRILL. 1975: 31. ISBN 978-90-04-04172-1. 
  92. ^ Vousden, N. St Cadfan's Church, Tywyn. Coflein. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 2012 [13 October 2015]. 
  93. ^ De Casparis, J. G. Indonesian Chronology. BRILL. 1978: 25. ISBN 978-90-04-05752-4. 
  94. ^ Geary, Patrick J. Land, Language and Memory in Europe 700–1100. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 1999, 9: 169–184. JSTOR 3679398. doi:10.2307/3679398.  p. 182.
  95. ^ Indovinello Veronese (Italian) treccani.it
  96. ^ Pollock (2003),第289页.
  97. ^ Kamat's Potpourri- The origin and development of the Konkani language. www.kamat.com. 
  98. ^ Saradesāya, Manohararāya. A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992. 2000. ISBN 9788172016647. 
  99. ^ Pereltsvaig, Asya; Lewis, Martin W. The Indo-European Controversy. Cambridge University Press. 2015: 104. ISBN 978-1-107-05453-0. 
  100. ^ MORAN, J. i J. A. RABELLA (ed.). Primers textos de la llengua catalana. Proa (Barcelona). 2001. ISBN 978-84-8437-156-4. 
  101. ^ Wilhelm, James J. (编). Lyrics of the Middle Ages: An Anthology. Routledge. 2014: 227. ISBN 978-1-135-03554-9. 
  102. ^ Sayahi, Lotfi. Diglossia and Language Contact: Language Variation and Change in North Africa. Cambridge University Press. 2014: 211. ISBN 978-0-521-11936-8. 
  103. ^ Aronson, Howard Isaac. The Non-Slavic Languages of the USSR. Chicago Linguistic Society, University of Chicago. 1992: 242. ISBN 978-0-914203-41-4. 
  104. ^ Malla, Kamal P. The Earliest Dated Document in Newari: The Palmleaf From Ukū Bāhāh NS 235/AD 1114. Kailash. 1990, 16 (1–2): 15–26. 
  105. ^ Willemyns (2013), p. 50.
  106. ^ Documentos relativos a Soeiro Pais, Urraca Mendes, sua mulher, e a Paio Soares Romeu, seu segundo filho e Notícia de Fiadores. Torre do Tombo National Archive. 2008 [4 April 2017]. 
  107. ^ Azevedo, Milton M. Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. 2005: 177–178. ISBN 978-0-521-80515-5. 
  108. ^ Agência Estado. Professor encontra primeiro texto escrito em português. Internacional. May 2002 [4 April 2017] (Portuguese). 
  109. ^ Wolf, H.J. las glosas emilianenses, otra vez. Revista de Filología Románica. 1997, 1 (14): 597–604 [30 March 2019]. 
  110. ^ Jenner, Henry. A handbook of the Cornish language. London: David Nutt. 1904: 25. 
  111. ^ Sims-Williams, Patrick. A New Brittonic Gloss on Boethius: ud rocashaas. Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies. 2005, 50: 77–86. ISSN 1353-0089. 
  112. ^ Breeze, Andrew. The Old Cornish Gloss on Boethius. Notes & Queries. 2007, 54 (4): 367–368. doi:10.1093/notesj/gjm184. 
  113. ^ Das, Sisir Kumar. A history of Indian literature, AD.500–1399: from courtly to the popular. Sahitya Akademi. 2005: 193. ISBN 978-81-260-2171-0. 
  114. ^ Baldi (2002),第35页.
  115. ^ 115.0 115.1 Thompson, Hanne-Ruth. Bengali. John Benjamins. 2012: 3. ISBN 978-90-272-3819-1. 
  116. ^ MacLeod, Mark W.; Nguyen, Thi Dieu. Culture and customs of Vietnam. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2001: 68. ISBN 978-0-313-30485-9. 
  117. ^ Elsie, Robert. The Bellifortis Text and Early Albanian (PDF). Zeitschrift für Balkanologie. 1986, 22 (2): 158–162. 
  118. ^ Wulff, Christine. Zwei Finnische Sätze aus dem 15. Jahrhundert. Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher NF Bd. 2: 90–98 (German). 
  119. ^ Zhou, Minglang; Sun, Hongkai (编). Language Policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and Practice since 1949. Springer. 2004: 258. ISBN 978-1-4020-8038-8. 
  120. ^ Bhat, D.N.S. Tulu. Steever, Sanford B. (编). The Dravidian Languages. Routledge. 2015: 158–177 [1998]. ISBN 978-1-136-91164-4. 
  121. ^ Schmalstieg, Walter R. The Baltic Languages. Ramat, Anna Giacalone; Ramat, Paolo (编). The Indo-European Languages. Routledge. 1998: 454–479. ISBN 978-0-415-06449-1.  page 459.
  122. ^ Istoria Romaniei in Date (1971), p. 87
  123. ^ Roegiest, Eugeen. Vers les sources des langues romanes: un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania. ACCO. 2006: 136. ISBN 978-90-334-6094-4. 
  124. ^ Frias e Gouveia, Maria Carmen de. A categoria gramatical de género do português antigo ao português actual (PDF). Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto. 2005. 
  125. ^ 125.0 125.1 Schwaller, John Frederick. A Catalogue of Pre-1840 Nahuatl Works Held by The Lilly Library. The Indiana University Bookman. 1973, 11: 69–88. 
  126. ^ (法文) Balandier, Georges, Le royaume de Kongo du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle, Hachette, 1965, p. 58.
  127. ^ Russell, Paul. An Introduction to the Celtic Languages. Routledge. 1995: 28. ISBN 978-0-582-10081-7. 
  128. ^ Korhonen, Mikko. The history of the Lapp language. Sinor, Denis (编). The Uralic Languages. Brill. 1988: 264–287. ISBN 978-90-04-07741-6. 
  129. ^ Gippert, Jost. The Caucasian language material in Evliya Çelebi's 'Travel Book' (PDF). Hewitt, George (编). Caucasian Perspectives. Munich: Lincom. 1992: 8–62. ISBN 978-3-92907501-4. 
  130. ^ 130.0 130.1 MacKenzie, D.N. The Development of the Pashto Script. Akiner, Shirin; Sims-Williams, N. (编). Languages and Scripts of Central Asia. Routledge. 1997: 137–143. ISBN 978-0-7286-0272-4. 
  131. ^ 131.0 131.1 (法文) Fakhfakh, N. (2007). Le répertoire musical de la confrérie religieuse" al-Karrâriyya" de Sfax (Tunisie) (Doctoral dissertation, Paris8).
  132. ^ Marlett, Stephen A. The Structure of Seri (PDF). 1981. 
  133. ^ Philips, John Edward. Hausa in the twentieth century: an overview (PDF). Sudanic Africa. 2004, 15: 55–84. JSTOR 25653413. 
  134. ^ https://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/ju/591/registro-raro-de-lingua-paulista-e-identificado
  135. ^ 135.0 135.1 135.2 Nowak, Elke. The 'Eskimo language' of Labrador: Moravian missionaries and the description of Labrador Inuttut 1733–1891. Études/Inuit/Studies. 1999, 23 (1/2): 173–197. JSTOR 42870950. 
  136. ^ 136.0 136.1 Nielsen, Flemming A. J. The Earliest Greenlandic Bible: A Study of the Ur-Text from 1725. Elliott, Scott S.; Boer, Roland (编). Ideology, Culture, and Translation. Society of Biblical Literature. 2012: 113–137. ISBN 978-1-58983-706-5. 
  137. ^ Baker, Philip; Mühlhäusler, Peter. From Business to Pidgin. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. 1990, 1 (1): 87–116. 
  138. ^ Troy, Jakelin. The Sydney Language Notebooks and responses to language contact in early colonial NSW (PDF). 1992. 
  139. ^ The notebooks of William Dawes on the Aboriginal language of Sydney. 
  140. ^ Ghosh, Arun. Sandali. Anderson, Gregory D.S. (编). The Munda Languages. Routledge. 2008: 11–98. ISBN 978-0-415-32890-6. 
  141. ^ Austin, Peter K. The Gamilaraay (Kamilaroi) Language, northern New South Wales — A Brief History of Research (PDF). McGregor, William (编). Encountering Aboriginal languages: studies in the history of Australian linguistics. Australian National University. 2008: 37–58. ISBN 978-0-85883-582-5. 
  142. ^ Ferreira, M. Barros. A descoberta do mirandês – Marcos principais. Sítio de l Mirandés. Lisbon: Universidade de Lisboa. (原始内容存档于2016-03-09) (Portuguese).  无效|deadurl=bot: unknown (帮助)
  143. ^ LUSA. Portugueses e espanhóis assinam protocolo para promoção das línguas mirandesa e asturiana. Expresso. 2015-06-20 (Portuguese). 
  144. ^ Roth, Walther. North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin 2: The Structure of the Koko Yimidir Language. Brisbane: Government Printer. 1910. 
  145. ^ Haviland, John B. Guugu Yimidhirr (PDF). Dixon, R. M. W.; Blake, Barry J. (编). Handbook of Australian Languages, Volume 1. Canberra: John Benjamins. 1979: 26–181. ISBN 978-90-272-7355-0.  p. 35
  146. ^ Haviland, John B. A last look at Cook's Guugu Yimidhirr word list (PDF). Oceania. 1974, 44 (3): 216–232. JSTOR 40329896. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1974.tb01803.x. 
  147. ^ 147.0 147.1 147.2 Voorhoeve, C.L. A hundred years of Papuan Linguistic Research: Western New Guinea Area (PDF). Wurm, Stephen A. (编). New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, Volume 1: Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene. Australian National University. 1975: 117–141. 
  148. ^ Curtis, Ervino. La lingua, la storia, la tradizione degli istroromeni. Trieste: Associazione di Amicizia Italo-Romena Decebal: 6–13. 1992 (意大利语). 
  149. ^ Foley, William A. The Papuan Languages of New Guinea. Cambridge University Press. 1986: 13. ISBN 978-0-521-28621-3. 
  150. ^ McGregor, William. A Functional Grammar of Gooniyandi. John Benjamins. 1990: 26. ISBN 978-90-272-3025-6. 
参考文献