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使用者:TongcyDai/沙盒/I

維基百科,自由的百科全書

各語言最早紀錄列表

[編輯]

本條目是按照該語言中已使用文本紀錄完整句子的大致時間排列的語言列表,其中不包括未破解或未經廣泛認可的文字及語言,也不包括僅由孤立單詞或名字組成的碑文。在大多數情況下,該語言實際使用(或書寫)的年代會比列表給出的時間早得多。

由於許多民族擁有口傳傳統、或是現有的文字是來自更早已佚失的手稿,書寫記錄不一定反映了當時的語言特徵,反而可能對應到的是其更早的語言階段,民間傳說和史詩的流傳更可能橫亙數個世紀之久。一個極端的例子是以吠陀梵語寫成的《梨俱吠陀》:其文本最早的部分可以追溯到公元前1500年左右[1] ,但目前已知最老的手稿大約在公元前1040年寫成[2]。相似地,阿維斯陀語的最早紀錄《伽薩》被認為是在公元前1000年之前創作的,而最古老的阿維斯陀語手稿可以追溯到公元13世紀。[3]

對於已知其前身的語言,這裡提供的日期遵循傳統術語???。 例如,古法語是逐漸從通俗拉丁語發展出來的,則列表中的斯特拉斯堡誓言(842年)被歸類為古法語最早的文本。

公元前1千紀以前

[編輯]

書寫系統最早出現在公元3000年初的近東地區。在青銅時代的結束英語Late Bronze Age collapse字母系統的興起之前,該地區已被確認的語言非常有限:

東亞黃河流域在公元前2千年末,以古漢語為代表的漢藏語系也開始留下文字紀錄。

此外,目前還有一些尚未破解的青銅時代文字紀錄,包括:

更早期書寫的符號,如中國河南賈湖契刻符號東南歐溫查符號英語Vinča symbols迪斯皮里奧圖章上的記號,都被認為是原始文字的一種,只能表達有限的概念,而無法像真實的書寫系統記錄作者的語言。

時間 語言 證據 註釋
約前2690年 埃及語 伯里布森埃及第二王朝)墓穴中發現的埃及象形文字。地點位於埃及新河谷省烏姆·卡伯[7] 「原象形文字」(proto-hieroglyphic)大約在前3300年(奈加代三期文化,參見阿拜多斯那爾邁調色板)出現。
前26世紀 蘇美語 舒魯帕克的指示英語Instructions of Shuruppak》,凱什神廟讚美詩英語Kesh temple hymn與其他在舒魯帕克阿布·薩拉比克發現的楔形文字早王朝時期英語Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)[8][9] 烏魯克時期自約前3500年(參見基什石灰岩板英語Kish tablet);為烏魯克 and 烏爾 from 約前2900年。
約前2400年 迦南語英語Canaanite languages 烏納斯金字塔中刻有保護閃米特人的咒語[10][11] Initial attempts at deciphering the texts failed due to Egyptologists mistaking the Semitic spells for Egyptian, thus rendering them unintelligible.
約前2400年 阿卡德語 A few dozen pre-Sargonic texts from Mari and other sites in northern Babylonia[12] Some proper names attested in Sumerian texts at Tell Harmal from about 2800 BC.[13] Fragments of the Legend of Etana at Tell Harmal 約2600 BC.[14]
約前2400年 埃勃拉語 埃勃拉文書[15]
約前2250年 埃蘭語 艾萬王朝英語Awan dynasty阿卡德帝國納拉姆辛簽訂的和平契約[16][17]
前21世紀 胡里安語英語Hurrian language Temple inscription of Tish-atal in Urkesh[18]
約前1700年 西臺語 有關西臺國王阿尼塔西臺楔形文字[19] 用亞述文字寫成的部分西臺語詞彙與名稱在灰山英語Kültepe被找到,其年代大約在前19世紀。[19]
前16世紀 帕拉語英語Palaic language 西臺語文句英語Hittite texts CTH 751–754[20]
約前1450年 邁錫尼希臘語 克諾索斯線形文字B碑文[21][22][23] 主要是行政名單,但也有一些完整的句子。[24]
約前1400年 盧維語 盧維語聖書體英語Hieroglyphic Luwian書寫的紀念碑銘文,以及盧維語楔形文字的泥板。發現余哈圖沙檔案室。[25] 自前18世紀起在圖章上出現單獨的象形文字。[25]
約前1400年 哈梯語 西臺語文句英語Hs CTH 725–745
約前1300年 烏加里特語 烏加里特發現的泥板[26]
約前1200年 上古漢語 商朝武丁時期的甲骨文金文[27][28][29]

公元前1千紀

[編輯]
亞希蘭英語Ahiram墓誌銘是腓尼基語最早的實質銘文。

已知最早的字母系統銘文發現於Serabit el-Khadim英語Serabit el-Khadim(約前1500年), 其記錄得似乎是某種西北閃米特語支英語Northwest Semitic的語言,但至今只有數個單詞被破解。 在鐵器時代早期,字母系統開始向近東和歐洲南部傳播,且隨著婆羅米系文字的出現,印度語言在公元前300年開始被記錄下來。

伊比利亞語英語Iberian language塔爾提索斯語英語Tartessian language加拉提亞語色雷斯語梅薩比語英語Messapian language等語言只有零碎的證據[31] The North Picene language of the Novilara Stele from 約600 BC has not been deciphered.[32] The earliest examples of the Central American Isthmian script date from 約500 BC, but a proposed decipherment remains controversial.[33]

時間 語言 證據 註釋
約前1000年 腓尼基語 亞希蘭英語Ahiram墓誌銘[34]
前10世紀 亞拉姆語 來自亞蘭城邦的皇家銘文[35]
前10世紀 希伯來語腓尼基語 基色曆[36] 希伯來語當時使用的是略微修改過的腓尼基字母,因此無法明確知道其書寫的語言是哪一種。
約前850年 亞捫語 亞捫堡壘銘文英語Amman Citadel Inscription[37]
約前840年 摩押語英語Moabite language 米沙石碑
約前800年 弗里吉亞語英語Phrygian language 戈爾迪昂英語Gordion的原始弗里吉亞語銘文[38]
前8世紀 賽伯伊語英語Sabaean language古南部阿拉伯語英語Old South Arabian 主要為葉門的牛耕式轉行書寫法銘文[39]
約前700年 伊特拉斯坎語 proto-Corinthian vase found at Tarquinia[40]
前7世紀 拉丁語 Vetusia Inscription and Fibula Praenestina[41]
約前600年 呂底亞語 薩第斯出土的銘文[25]
約前600年 卡里亞語 inscriptions from Caria and Egypt[25]
約前600年 法利斯克語 Ceres inscription found at Falerii[42]
前6世紀早期 翁布里亞語 雙耳噴口杯英語krater手柄上的文字,發現地在托爾法附近[43]
約前550年 泰馬語英語Taymanitic Esk 168和177[44] The Taymanitic script is mentioned in an 8th century BC document from Carchemish.[45]
約前550年 南皮賽恩語 卡佩斯特拉諾[46]
前6世紀晚期 威尼托語 埃斯泰發現的碑文
約前500年 古波斯語 貝希斯敦銘文
約前500年 南阿爾卑高盧語 科莫的CO-48銘文與韋爾賈泰的VA-6銘文[47][48] Inscriptions from the early 6th century consist of isolated names.
約前300年 奧斯坎語 Iovilae from Capua[49] Coin legends date from the late 5th century BC.[50]
前3世紀 高盧語 Transalpine Gaulish inscriptions in Massiliote Greek script[51]
前3世紀 沃爾西語 Tabula Veliterna[52]
約前260年 中古印度-雅利安語普拉克里特諸語言 阿育王詔書[53][54] Pottery inscriptions from Anuradhapura have been dated 約400 BC.[55][56]
約前200年 泰米爾語 cave inscriptions and potsherds in Tamil Nadu[57][58] 5th century BC inscriptions on potsherds found in Kodumanal, Porunthal and Palani have been claimed as Tamil-Brahmi,[59][60] but this is disputed.[61]
約前146年 East Numidian Punic-Libyan Inscription at Dougga[62]
前2世紀 麥羅埃語英語Meroitic language graffiti on the temple of Amun at Dukki Gel, near Kerma[63]
約100 BC 凱爾特伊比利亞語 博托里塔牌匾英語Botorrita plaques
前1世紀 安息語 ostraca at Nisa and Qumis[64]
前1世紀 梵語 達納的阿約提亞銘文英語Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana哈提巴達哥孫迪銘文英語Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions(兩者都位於奇陶爾加爾附近)[65] The Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman (shortly after 150 AD) is the oldest long text.[66]

公元1千紀

[編輯]

Late Antiquity, we have for the first time languages with earliest records in manuscript tradition (as opposed to epigraphy). Thus, Old Armenian is first attested in the Armenian Bible translation.

The Vimose inscriptions (2nd and 3rd centuries) in the Elder Futhark runic alphabet appear to record Proto-Norse names. Some scholars interpret the Negau helmet inscription (約100 BC) as a Germanic fragment.

時間 語言 證據 註釋
約150年 Bactrian Rabatak inscription
約200年 Proto-Norse inscription NITHIJO TAWIDE on shield grip from the Illerup Ådal weapon deposit Single Proto-Norse words are found on the Øvre Stabu spearhead (second half of the 2nd century) and the Vimose Comb (c. 160).
292年 Mayan Stela 29 from Tikal[67] A brief undeciphered inscription at San Bartolo is dated to the 3rd century BC.[68]
312年–313年 Sogdian Ancient Letters, found near Dunhuang[69]
328年 Arabic Namara inscription
約350年 Ge'ez inscriptions of Ezana of Aksum[70]
約350年 Cham Đông Yên Châu inscription found near Tra Kiêu[71]
4世紀 Gothic Gothic Bible, translated by Wulfila[72] A few problematic Gothic runic inscriptions may date to the early 4th century.
約430年 Georgian Bir el Qutt inscriptions[73]
約450 Kannada Halmidi inscription[74] Kavirajamarga (約850) is the oldest literary work.[74]
約500年 Armenian inscription at the Tekor Basilica[75] Saint Mesrob Mashtots is traditionally held to have translated an Armenian Bible in 434.
約510年 Old Dutch formula for freeing a serf in the Malbergse Glossen on the Salic law[76] A word in the mid-5th century Bergakker inscription yields the oldest evidence of Dutch morphology, but there is no consensus on the interpretation of the rest of the text.[76]
6世紀 Tocharian manuscripts from Kucha, Karasahr and Dunhuang[77] Some Tocharian names and words have been found in Prakrit documents from Krorän dated 約300 AD.
second half of 6th century Old High German Pforzen buckle[78]
約575年 Telugu Erragudipadu inscription[74] Telugu place names are found in Prakrit inscriptions from the 2nd century AD.[74]
591年 Korean Sinseong (新城) Stele in Namsan (Gyeongju)[79][80]
611年 Khmer Angkor Borei inscription
約650年 Old Japanese mokkan wooden tablets[81] Poems in the Kojiki (711–712) and Nihon Shoki (720) have been transmitted in copied manuscripts.
約650年–700年 Old Udi Sinai palimpsest M13
約683年 Old Malay Kedukan Bukit Inscription
7世紀 Tumshuqese and Khotanese Saka manuscripts mainly from Dunhuang[82] Some fragments of Khotanese Saka have been dated to the 5th and 6th centuries
7世紀 Beja ostracon from Saqqara[83][84]
7世紀晚期 Pyu Hpayahtaung funeral urn inscription of kings of Sri Ksetra
約700年 Old English runic inscription on the Franks Casket The Undley bracteate (5th century) and West Heslerton brooch (約650) have fragmentary runic inscriptions.
732年 Old Turkic Orkhon inscriptions
約750年 Old Irish Würzburg glosses[85] Primitive Irish Ogham inscriptions from the 4th century consist of personal names, patronymics and/or clan names.[86][87]
約765年 Old Tibetan Lhasa Zhol Pillar[88] Dated entries in the Tibetan Annals begin at 650, but extant manuscripts postdate the Tibetan occupation of Dunhuang in 786.[89]
769年 Old Hindi Dohakosh by Saraha
8世紀晚期 Breton Praecepta medica (Leyden, Codex Vossianus Lat. F. 96 A)[90] A botanical manuscript in Latin and Breton
約750年–900年 Old Frisian Westeremden yew-stick
約800年 Old Norse runic inscriptions
804年 Javanese initial part of the Sukabumi inscription[91]
9世紀 Malayalam Rajasekhara inscription at Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple[58] Ramacaritam (12th century) is the oldest literary work.[58]
9世紀 Old Welsh Cadfan Stone (Tywyn 2)[92]
約842年 古法語 斯特拉斯堡誓言
約862年 古教會斯拉夫語 西里爾美多德翻譯的宗教文學 語言主要在普雷斯拉夫文學學校英語Preslav Literary School奧赫里德文學學校英語Ohrid Literary School發展,這是保加利亞第一帝國的兩個主要文化中心。
882年 峇里語 注有日期的皇家銘文[93]
約900年 古奧克語英語Old Occitan Tomida femina英語Tomida femina
約959年–974年 萊昂語 Nodicia de Kesos英語Nodicia de Kesos
約960年–963年 義大利語 Placiti Cassinesi英語Placiti Cassinesi[94] The Veronese Riddle (約800) is considered a mixture of Italian and Latin.[95]
986年 契丹語 耶律延寧墓誌
10世紀晚期 孔卡尼語/馬拉提語 斯拉瓦納貝拉戈英語Shravanabelagola巴霍巴利雕像上的銘文 [96] inscription on Bahubali statue at Shravanabelagola are in Devanagari script, but the language has been in dispute between Marathi and Konkani scholars.[97][98]

公元1000年–1500年

[編輯]
時間 語言 證據 註釋
972年–1093年 斯洛維尼亞語 佛萊辛手稿英語Freising manuscripts
約1000年 古東斯拉夫語 諾夫哥羅德法典英語Novgorod Codex[99]
約1000年 巴斯克語亞拉岡語 艾米利亞努斯註釋英語Glosas Emilianenses
約1028年 加泰隆語 Jurament Feudal[100]
11世紀 莫扎拉布語 kharjas appended to Arabic and Hebrew poems[101] Isolated words are found in glossaries from the 8th century.[102]
約1100年 克羅埃西亞語 巴許卡碑文英語Baška tablet
約1100年 奧塞提亞語 澤蘭屈克銘文(Zelančuk inscription)[103]
約1106年 愛爾蘭語 Lebor na hUidre ("Book of the Dun Cow")
1113年 緬甸語 Myazedi inscription
1114年 尼瓦爾語 palm-leaf manuscript from Uku Baha, Patan[104]
 1160年–1170年 中古荷蘭語英語Middle Dutch Het Leven van Sint Servaes ("Life of Saint Servatius") by Heinrich von Veldeke[105]
約1175年 加利西亞-葡萄牙語 Notícia de Fiadores[106] The Notícia de Torto and the will of Afonso II of Portugal, dated 1214, are often cited as the first documents written in Galician-Portuguese.[107] A date prior to 1175 has been proposed for the Pacto dos Irmãos Pais.[108]
 1186年–1190年 塞爾維亞語 米羅斯拉夫福音書英語Miroslav Gospel
1189年 波士尼亞語 班·布林英語Ban Kulin憲章
1192年 古匈牙利語英語Old Hungarian language 葬禮的佈道與禱詞英語Funeral Sermon and Prayer There are isolated fragments in earlier charters such as the charter of Veszprém (約1000) and the charter of Tihany (1055).
約1200年 西班牙語 熙德之歌 Previously the Glosas Emilianenses and the Nodicia de kesos were considered the oldest texts in Spanish; however, later analyses concluded them to be Aragonese and Leonese, respectively.[109]
約1200年 芬蘭語支 白樺樹皮信件第292號英語Birch bark letter no. 292
約1200年–1230年 捷克語 founding charter of the Litoměřice chapter
1224年–1225年 蒙古語 Genghis stone
13世紀早期 旁遮普語 poetry of Fariduddin Ganjshakar
13世紀早期 康瓦爾語 prophesy in the cartulary of Glasney College[110] A 9th century gloss in 波愛修斯的《哲學的慰藉英語The_Consolation_of_Philosophy》; ud rocashaas is controversially interpreted.[111][112]
約1250年 喀什米爾語 Mahanayakaprakash ("Light of the supreme lord") by Shitikantha[113]
約1270年 Old Polish Book of Henryków
1272年 Yiddish blessing in the Worms mahzor
約1274年 Western Lombard Libro de le tre scritture, by Bonvesin de la Riva
約1292年 Thai Ramkhamhaeng stele Some scholars argue that the stele is a forgery.
13世紀 Tigrinya a text of laws found in Logosarda
約1300年 Batak
約1350年 Oghuz Turkic (including Azeri and Ottoman Turkish) Imadaddin Nasimi
約1369年 Old Prussian Basel Epigram[114]
1372年 Komi Abur inscriptions
15世紀早期 Bengali poems of Chandidas and Vidyapati[115] The 10th-century Charyapada are written in a language ancestral to Bengali, Assamese and Oriya.[115]
約1440年 Vietnamese Quốc âm thi tập[116] Isolated names in Chữ nôm date from the early 13th century.
1462年 Albanian Formula e Pagëzimit, a baptismal formula in a letter of Archbishop Pal Engjëll Some scholars interpret a few lines in the Bellifortis text (1405) as Albanian.[117]
約1470年 Finnish single sentence in a German travel journal[118] The first printed book in Finnish is Abckiria (1543) by Mikael Agricola.
約1470年 Maltese Il Cantilena
1485年 Yi bronze bell inscription in Dafang County, Guizhou[119]
15世紀 Tulu inscriptions in an adaptation of Malayam script[120]

1500年以後

[編輯]
時間 語言 證據 註釋
約1503年 Lithuanian hand-written Lord's Prayer, Hail Mary and Creed[121] Katekizmas (1547) by Martynas Mažvydas was the first printed book in Lithuanian.
1517年 Belarusian Psalter of Francysk Skaryna
1521年 Romanian Neacșu's Letter Cyrillic orthographic manual of Constantin Kostentschi from 1420 documents earlier written usage.[122] Four 16th century documents, namely Codicele Voronetean, Psaltirea Scheiana, Psaltirea Hurmuzachi and Psaltirea Voroneteana, are arguably copies of 15th century originals.[123]
1530年 拉脫維亞語 尼可拉斯·拉姆(Nicholas Ramm)對易手讚美詩的翻譯
1535年 愛沙尼亞語 Wanradt-Koell的教義問答
1536年 現代葡萄牙語 Grammatica da lingoagem portuguesa by Fernão de Oliveira. by convention.[124]
1550年 古典納瓦特爾語 Doctrina cristiana en lengua española y mexicana[125] The Breve y mas compendiosa doctrina cristiana en lengua mexicana y castellana (1539) was possibly the first printed book in the New World. No copies are known to exist today.[125]
約1550年 標準荷蘭語 Statenbijbel The Statenbijbel is commonly accepted to be the start of Standard Dutch, but various experiments were performed around 1550 in Flanders and Brabant. Although none proved to be lasting they did create a semi-standard and many formed the base for the Statenbijbel.
1554年 瓦斯特克語英語Wastek language grammar by Andrés de Olmos
1557年 剛果語 a catechism[126]
1561年 羅塞尼亞語 佩列索普尼察亞英語Peresopnytsia Gospel
1593年 他加祿語 基督教教義英語Doctrina Cristiana
1600年 布吉語
約1610年 Manx 公禱書[127]
1619年 Pite Sami primer and missal by Nicolaus Andreaus[128] Early literary works were mainly based on dialects underlying modern Ume Sami and Pite Sami. First grammar and dictionary in 1738.
1639年 Guarani Tesoro de la lengua guaraní by Antonio Ruíz de Montoya
約1650年 尤比克語阿布哈茲語阿迪格語明格列爾語 愛維亞·瑟勒比的《旅遊之書英語Seyahatnâme[129]
1651年 Pashto copy of Xayru 'l-bayān in the library of the University of Tübingen[130] The Pata Khazana, purporting to date from the 8th century, is considered by most scholars to be a forgery.[130]
1693年 Tunisian Arabic copy of a Tunisian poem written by Sheykh Hassan el-Karray [131] Before 1700, lyrics of songs were not written in Tunisian Arabic but in Classical Arabic. Even though Tunisian Arabic existed before, it was only used orally.[131]
約1695年 Seri grammar and vocabulary compiled by Adamo Gilg No longer known to exist.[132]
17世紀 Hausa Riwayar Annabi Musa by Abdallah Suka[133]
18世紀[134] Língua Geral of São Paulo Vocabulário da Língua Geral dos Índios das Américas (anonymous) Another source is the dictionary by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1867) and the vocabulary (1936) by José Joaquim Machado de Oliveira. The language is now extinct.
1728年 Northern Sami Catechism An early wordlist was published in 1589 by Richard Hakluyt. First grammar in 1743
1728年 Swahili Utendi wa Tambuka
1736年 Greenlandic Grönländische Grammatica by Paul Egede[135] A poor-quality wordlist was recorded by John Davis in 1586.[136]
1743年 Chinese Pidgin English sentence recorded in Macau by George Anson[137]
1788年 Sydney language notebooks of William Dawes[138][139]
1800年 Inuktitut "Eskimo Grammar" by Moravian missionaries[135] A list of 17 words was recorded in 1576 by Christopher Hall, an assistant to Martin Frobisher.[135][136]
1806年 Tswana Heinrich LictensteinUpon the Language of the Beetjuana The first complete Bible translation was published in 1857 by Robert Moffat.
1819年 Cherokee Sequoyah's Cherokee syllabary
1820年 Maori grammar by Thomas Kendall and Samuel Lee Kendal began compiling wordlists in 1814.
1820年 Aleut description by Rasmus Rask A short word list was collected by James King in 1778.
1823年 Xhosa John Bennie's Xhosa reading sheet Complete Bible translation 1859
約 1833年 Vai Vai syllabary created by Momolu Duwalu Bukele.
1833年 Sotho reduced to writing by French missionaries Casalis and Arbousset First grammar book 1841 and complete Bible translation 1881
1837年 Zulu Incwadi Yokuqala Yabafundayo First grammar book 1859 and complete Bible translation 1883
1839年 Lule Sami pamphlet by Lars Levi Laestadius Dictionary and grammar by Karl Bernhard Wiklund in 1890-1891
1844年 Afrikaans letters by Louis Henri Meurant (published in Eastern Cape newspaper – South Africa) Followed by Muslim texts written in Afrikaans using Arabic alphabet in 1856. Spelling rules published in 1874. Complete Bible published 1933.
1845年 Santali A Santali Primer by Jeremiah Phillips[140]
1851年 Sakha (Yakut) Über die Sprache der Jakuten, a grammar by Otto von Böhtlingk Wordlists were included in Noord en Oost Tartarije (1692) by Nicolaas Witsen and Das Nord-und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia (1730) by Philip Johan von Strahlenberg.
1854年 Inari Sami grammar by Elias Lönnrot Primer and catechism published in 1859.
1856年 Gamilaraay articles by William Ridley[141] Basic vocabulary collected by Thomas Mitchell in 1832.
1872年 Venda reduced to writing by the Berlin Missionaries First complete Bible translation 1936
1878年 Kildin Sami Gospel of Matthew
1882年 Mirandese O dialecto mirandez by José Leite de Vasconcelos[142] The same author also published the first book written in Mirandese: Flores mirandezas (1884)[143]
1884年 斯科爾特薩米語 以西里爾字母寫的《馬太福音》
1885年 達凱勒語英語Carrier language 巴克維爾監獄文本(Barkerville Jail Text),該文本由當時剛剛創制的凱勒爾音節文字英語Carrier syllabics

紀錄,以鉛筆書寫在一塊板子上 || 雖然由母語人士書寫的第一份文本在1885年寫成,但該語言的首次文字紀錄是1793年記錄的單詞列表,由探險家亞歷山大·麥肯齊英語Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)

1885年 莫圖語英語Motu language 威廉·喬治·拉韋斯英語William George Lawes編輯的語法書
1886年 古古伊米蒂爾語英語Guugu Yimithirr language notes by Johann Flierl, Wilhelm Poland and Georg Schwarz, culminating in Walter Roth's The Structure of the Koko Yimidir Language in 1901.[144][145] A list of 61 words recorded in 1770 by James Cook and Joseph Banks was the first written record of an Australian language.[146]
1891年 Galela grammatical sketch by M.J. van Baarda[147]
1893年 Oromo translation of the New Testament by Onesimos Nesib, assisted by Aster Ganno
1903年 Lingala grammar by Egide de Boeck
1905年 Istro-Romanian Calendaru lu rumeri din Istria by Andrei Glavina[148] Compilation of Istro-Romanian popular words, proverbs and stories.
約1940年 Kamoro materials by Peter Drabbe[147] A Kamoro wordlist recorded in 1828 by Modera and Müller, passengers on a Dutch ship, is the oldest record of any of the Papuan languages.[147][149]
1968年 南恩德貝勒語 small booklet published with praises of their kings and a little history 新約聖經於1986年翻譯完成;舊約的翻譯仍在進行中。
1982年 古尼揚迪語英語Gooniyandi language survey by William McGregor[150]

依語系排列

[編輯]

依較大的語言家族出現的時間排列:

人工語言

[編輯]
時間 語言 文件 註釋
1879年 沃拉普克語 約翰·馬丁·施萊爾構建
1887年 世界語 第一本書 拉扎魯·柴門霍夫構建
1907年 伊多語 基於世界語修改而成
1917年 昆雅語 J·R·R·托爾金構建
1928年 諾維亞語 奧托·葉斯柏森構建
1935年 索納語英語Sona language (artificial) 《索納語,一種輔助性的中立語言》
(Sona, an auxiliary neutral language)
肯尼斯·塞里特英語Kenneth Searight構建
1943年 因特格羅沙語英語Interglossa 後改成格羅沙語 蘭斯洛特·霍格本英語Lancelot Hogben構建
1951年 因特語 因特語-英語字典英語Interlingua-English Dictionary 國際輔助語協會構建
1955年 Loglan 詹姆士·庫克·布朗構建
1984年 克林貢語 星艦迷航記III:石破天驚 馬爾克·奧克蘭德英語Marc Okrand
1987年 Lojban 基於Loglan修改而成,由邏輯語言小組(Logical Language Group)構建
2005年–06年 納美語 阿凡達 保羅·弗朗莫詹姆斯·卡麥隆構建
2009年 多斯拉克語 權力遊戲 喬治·R·R·馬丁大衛·J·彼得森構建

參見

[編輯]

參考

[編輯]
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參考文獻