執政黨

執政黨（英語：Ruling party），又稱與黨，指在政府中獲得政權的政黨，通常是國家元首、政府首腦或地方行政長官所屬的政黨，或者是其他形式而掌握執政權的政黨。標準的議會民主政體下，執政黨是指實際控制立法行政權力的政黨，政治下的執政權力一般限於治理，不是能真正掌握建制的權力，因為單一政黨及其政治家無法代表絕對多數政治力量。民主政體的執政黨政治人物在擔任中央及地方政府重要職務時，擁有依法組織政府和制定政策的權力，同時執政黨負起政治責任，以維護執政權，否則會在下次選舉中成為在野黨甚至喪失政治活動地位。在政黨輪替中與執政黨相反的是在野黨（Opposition），即在立法行政機關中擁有席位，有政治地位的政黨；或反對黨，即廣義上反對執政黨的政黨。

總統制

總統制下以總統所屬的政黨作為執政黨，總統兼任國家元首和政府首腦。如美國、墨西哥、巴西、阿根廷、智利、哥倫比亞、菲律賓和南韓。執政黨在議會未必是多數黨，或擁有佔多數的執政聯盟，擁有行政權力，屬行政主導。政治較為穩定，總統受到任期保障，除非犯下嚴重罪行，否則難以被趕下台，而民主政體下議會擁有彈劾總統的權力。

實行總統制的政府

實行總統制的政權，多集中在美洲、非洲及中亞，總統制以美國為代表。

實行總統制但總理為超級部長的政府

實行總統制但設最高領袖的政府

伊朗^{[註 4]}

實行總統制的未被普遍承認的政府

中華民國

半總統制

半總統制又稱雙首長制，民選的總統和受任命的總理共同行使行政權，然而各地的半總統制實施的方式不一樣。

總統優勢制

總統擁有最高的行政權力，可以不經國會同意，逕行任免總理（多為同一政黨），再由總理組成內閣，所以總理又稱閣揆。閣揆必須受總統領導。閣揆由總統任命、免除、替換，也不須徵詢國會的意見，閣揆及部會首長惟有代表總統，接受國會的質詢。國會可以行使倒閣權，但總統通常也有權解散國會。實行國家如下：

雙軌制

總統提名總理和內閣須諮詢國會、得到國會的同意或依慣例任命議會最大黨主席為總理，內閣與總統互不隸屬，當兩者分屬不同政黨時總統將喪失部份或全部權力。只有國會有權撤換總理和內閣，但總統有權解散國會。當兩者屬同個政黨，就會像總統優勢制一樣，總統擁有最高的行政權力，總理將失去部分或全部權力。實行政府如下：

內閣制

內閣制或君主立憲制下政府需要經公民直接選舉國會議員，再由國會多數黨作為執政黨。現時行兩院制的政府多數會以下議院多數，作為執政基礎，政府亦需要獲下議院的多數才能繼續執政。若有一黨贏得國會下議院過半數席次並自行組閣，該黨即為執政黨，如英國和日本；若無任一政黨席次過半，則各參與聯合政府的政黨皆為執政黨，如德國和意大利；若數個政黨組成聯盟，贏得最多議席的政黨占據主導優勢，如馬來西亞。

完整的議會共和制度

混合的議會共和制度

具有禮儀/非執行君主的議會制君主立憲制

君主掌握實權的議會制君主立憲制

混合制

也因實行總統內閣制，總統由議會選出，但握有實際行政權力，如緬甸聯邦共和國、南非共和國、博茨瓦納共和國。

混合制的總統、議會共和制度

君主獨裁

君主專制獨裁，政權為君主絕對掌控，如沙烏地阿拉伯、阿曼。這些政權不會有政黨存在。

君主掌握實權的君主獨裁制政府
歐洲	亞洲	非洲	大洋洲
梵蒂岡馬爾他騎士團	文萊阿曼卡達巴林阿聯酋沙烏地阿拉伯	斯威士蘭	東加

共和獨裁

在一黨獨大或一黨執政下，只有一個具支配地位的合法執政黨，反對黨長期處於在野地位且無機會執政，有的不允許具競爭性的政黨存在，如俄羅斯、白俄羅斯、亞塞拜然、土耳其、敘利亞、葉門、埃及、阿爾及利亞、安哥拉、新加坡、土庫曼斯坦、烏茲別克斯坦、哈薩克斯坦、辛巴威、蘇丹、厄利垂亞、赤道幾內亞、查德、喀麥隆、吉布地、烏干達、剛果民主共和國、剛果共和國、加彭、多哥、蒲隆地、衣索比亞、坦桑尼亞、莫三比克、盧安達等。

最高領導人掌權的共和制獨裁政府
歐洲	亞洲	非洲	拉丁美洲
俄羅斯^{[註 5]} 白俄羅斯	中華人民共和國^{[註 6]} 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國^{[註 7]} 越南^{[註 8]} 寮國^{[註 9]} 柬埔寨緬甸^{[註 10]} 新加坡^{[註 11]} 孟加拉亞塞拜然土耳其伊朗伊拉克敘利亞葉門阿富汗哈薩克土庫曼塔吉克烏茲別克	埃及利比亞阿爾及利亞安哥拉南蘇丹蘇丹加彭多哥象牙海岸奈及利亞幾內亞幾內亞比紹布吉納法索毛里塔尼亞尚比亞辛巴威厄立特里亞赤道幾內亞乍得喀麥隆吉布提馬里尼日爾烏干達中非剛果民主共和國剛果共和國蒲隆地衣索比亞坦桑尼亞莫桑比克納米比亞盧旺達科摩羅	古巴^{[註 12]} 尼加拉瓜委內瑞拉

一黨專政

在共產黨執政下，共產黨常常是唯一合法的執政黨，只不過有時也允許存在一些其他衛星黨參政議政。如中華人民共和國、朝鮮民主主義人民共和國、古巴、越南、老撾。

現存的一黨專政國家

參見

備註

^ 在法國，總統可以任命總理，但不能解僱總理，只有國會才能利用不信任權來解僱總理。總統也可以解散國會一次。
^ 根據第19條修正案，斯里蘭卡總統只能在原來的總理遭到失去國會信任、辭職或死亡而空缺職位後才能任命新總理，並且不擁有隨意解解僱總理的權力。
^ 依中華民國憲法增修條文第三條第一項規定，總統依法任命行政院院長，除經立法院以不信任權迫其被動辭職或經行政院院長主動辭職外，憲法未明確授權總統得免職行政院院長，中華民國總統無權隨意免職行政院院長。

^ 阿富汗總統作為阿富汗的國家元首兼任政府首腦，阿富汗首席執行官只是作為政府首席部長，類似於美國國務卿的職務。
^ 阿爾察赫總統作為阿爾察赫的國家元首兼任政府首腦，此前有阿爾察赫總理作為政府首腦的職務。2017年2月的公投（英語：Nagorno-Karabakh constitutional referendum, 2017）後廢除阿爾察赫總理職務。^[1]^[2]
^ 大韓民國實行總統制，總統為國家元首，總理同時作為政府首腦，總統負責主持政府的對外工作，國會行使對總理的同意權，但總理向總統負責，總統領導內閣。參見韓國政治。
^ 伊朗伊斯蘭共和國實行政教合一，總統與最高領袖同時作為國家元首，總統作為政府首腦，負責主持伊朗政府的對外工作，最高領袖才是伊朗的最高領導人。參見伊朗政治。
^ 最高領導人是總統兼國務委員會主席和國家安全會議主席
^ 最高領導人是中國共產黨中央委員會總書記兼中央軍委主席
^ 最高領導人是朝鮮勞動黨總書記兼武裝力量最高司令官
^ 最高領導人是越南共產黨總書記兼中央軍委書記
^ 最高領導人是老撾人民革命黨總書記兼中央國防安全委員會主席
^ 最高領導人是國家管理委員會主席兼總理
^ 最高領導人是人民行動黨秘書長兼總理
^ 最高領導人是古巴共產黨第一書記兼革命武裝力量總司令

注釋

^ (in Armenian) «Մտադիր եմ շարունակել ծառայել հայրենիքին». Արցախի վարչապետի պաշտոնակատար （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 1in.am, 13 September 2017
^ Referendum to create 'Republic of Artsakh' on Europe's fringe （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） EU Observer, 20 February 2017
^ Kudelia, Serhiy. Presidential activism and government termination in dual-executive Ukraine. Post-Soviet Affairs. 4 May 2018, 34 (4): 246–261. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2018.1465251.
^ In Bangladesh, a caretaker government during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Adviser and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisers chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the defence and foreign affairs ministries.
^ Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.
^ Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University, who in his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008 ISBN 9780719078538), he quotes Nousiainen, Jaakko. From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government: political and constitutional developments in Finland. Scandinavian Political Studies. June 2001, 24 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1111/1467-9477.00048. as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the President has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and substantially has not the power to disband the parliament under its own desire. Finland is actually represented by its Prime Minister, and not by its President, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the President even further.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence (but not their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 ^8.5 Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament but does not hold a parliamentary seat, and is immune from a vote of no confidence (as well is their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Scheda paese Repubblica di San Marino (PDF). Segreteria di Stato Affari esteri: 5. July 2012 [2019-09-24]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-04-01）（意大利語）.
^ The Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who are have their interests known through a representative.
^ ^11.00 ^11.01 ^11.02 ^11.03 ^11.04 ^11.05 ^11.06 ^11.07 ^11.08 ^11.09 ^11.10 ^11.11 ^11.12 ^11.13 ^11.14 ^11.15 ^11.16 ^11.17 One of sixteen constitutional monarchies which recognize Elizabeth II as head of state, who presides over an independent government. She is titled separately in each country (e.g. Queen of Australia), and notionally appoints a Governor-General (GG) to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative. The prime minister (PM) is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. These countries may be known as "Commonwealth realms".

In many cases, the Governor-General or monarch has a lot more theoretical, or constitutional, powers than they actually exercise, except on the advice of elected officials, per constitutional convention. For example, the Constitution of Australia makes the GG the head of the executive branch (including commander-in-chief of the armed forces), although they seldom ever use this power, except on the advice of elected officials, especially the PM, which makes the PM the de facto head of government.
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 The Cook Islands and Niue are under the sovereignty of the Monarch of New Zealand as self-governing states in free association with New Zealand. New Zealand and its associated states, along with Tokelau and the Ross Dependency, comprise the Realm of New Zealand.

[7] 在法國，總統可以任命總理，但不能解僱總理，只有國會才能利用不信任權來解僱總理。總統也可以解散國會一次。

[8] 根據第19條修正案，斯里蘭卡總統只能在原來的總理遭到失去國會信任、辭職或死亡而空缺職位後才能任命新總理，並且不擁有隨意解解僱總理的權力。

[10] 依中華民國憲法增修條文第三條第一項規定，總統依法任命行政院院長，除經立法院以不信任權迫其被動辭職或經行政院院長主動辭職外，憲法未明確授權總統得免職行政院院長，中華民國總統無權隨意免職行政院院長。

[1] 阿富汗總統作為阿富汗的國家元首兼任政府首腦，阿富汗首席執行官只是作為政府首席部長，類似於美國國務卿的職務。

[4] 阿爾察赫總統作為阿爾察赫的國家元首兼任政府首腦，此前有阿爾察赫總理作為政府首腦的職務。2017年2月的公投（英語：Nagorno-Karabakh constitutional referendum, 2017）後廢除阿爾察赫總理職務。^[1]^[2]

[5] 大韓民國實行總統制，總統為國家元首，總理同時作為政府首腦，總統負責主持政府的對外工作，國會行使對總理的同意權，但總理向總統負責，總統領導內閣。參見韓國政治。

[6] 伊朗伊斯蘭共和國實行政教合一，總統與最高領袖同時作為國家元首，總統作為政府首腦，負責主持伊朗政府的對外工作，最高領袖才是伊朗的最高領導人。參見伊朗政治。

[20] 最高領導人是總統兼國務委員會主席和國家安全會議主席

[21] 最高領導人是中國共產黨中央委員會總書記兼中央軍委主席

[22] 最高領導人是朝鮮勞動黨總書記兼武裝力量最高司令官

[23] 最高領導人是越南共產黨總書記兼中央軍委書記

[24] 最高領導人是老撾人民革命黨總書記兼中央國防安全委員會主席

[25] 最高領導人是國家管理委員會主席兼總理

[26] 最高領導人是人民行動黨秘書長兼總理

[27] 最高領導人是古巴共產黨第一書記兼革命武裝力量總司令

[2] (in Armenian) «Մտադիր եմ շարունակել ծառայել հայրենիքին». Արցախի վարչապետի պաշտոնակատար （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 1in.am, 13 September 2017

[3] Referendum to create 'Republic of Artsakh' on Europe's fringe （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） EU Observer, 20 February 2017

[9] Kudelia, Serhiy. Presidential activism and government termination in dual-executive Ukraine. Post-Soviet Affairs. 4 May 2018, 34 (4): 246–261. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2018.1465251.

[Bd-11] In Bangladesh, a caretaker government during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Adviser and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisers chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the defence and foreign affairs ministries.

[12] Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.

[13] Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University, who in his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008 ISBN 9780719078538), he quotes Nousiainen, Jaakko. From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government: political and constitutional developments in Finland. Scandinavian Political Studies. June 2001, 24 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1111/1467-9477.00048. as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the President has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and substantially has not the power to disband the parliament under its own desire. Finland is actually represented by its Prime Minister, and not by its President, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the President even further.

[Combo-14] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence (but not their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.

[Assembly-independent-15] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 ^8.5 Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament but does not hold a parliamentary seat, and is immune from a vote of no confidence (as well is their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.

[#1-16] 9.0 ^9.1 Scheda paese Repubblica di San Marino (PDF). Segreteria di Stato Affari esteri: 5. July 2012 [2019-09-24]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-04-01）（意大利語）.

[and-17] The Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who are have their interests known through a representative.

[Commonwealthrealm-18] 11.00 ^11.01 ^11.02 ^11.03 ^11.04 ^11.05 ^11.06 ^11.07 ^11.08 ^11.09 ^11.10 ^11.11 ^11.12 ^11.13 ^11.14 ^11.15 ^11.16 ^11.17 One of sixteen constitutional monarchies which recognize Elizabeth II as head of state, who presides over an independent government. She is titled separately in each country (e.g. Queen of Australia), and notionally appoints a Governor-General (GG) to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative. The prime minister (PM) is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. These countries may be known as "Commonwealth realms".

In many cases, the Governor-General or monarch has a lot more theoretical, or constitutional, powers than they actually exercise, except on the advice of elected officials, per constitutional convention. For example, the Constitution of Australia makes the GG the head of the executive branch (including commander-in-chief of the armed forces), although they seldom ever use this power, except on the advice of elected officials, especially the PM, which makes the PM the de facto head of government.

[NZ-Monarch-19] 12.0 ^12.1 The Cook Islands and Niue are under the sovereignty of the Monarch of New Zealand as self-governing states in free association with New Zealand. New Zealand and its associated states, along with Tokelau and the Ross Dependency, comprise the Realm of New Zealand.

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