全氯甲硫醇
外觀
全氯甲硫醇 | |
---|---|
IUPAC名 Trichloromethyl thiohypochlorite | |
別名 | 三氯甲硫基氯 氯硫基三氯甲烷 硫代次氯酸三氯甲酯 Clairsit |
識別 | |
CAS號 | 594-42-3 |
PubChem | 11666 |
ChemSpider | 11176 |
SMILES |
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InChI |
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UN編號 | 1670 |
EINECS | 209-840-4 |
RTECS | PB0370000 |
性質 | |
化學式 | CCl4S |
摩爾質量 | 185.89 g·mol−1 |
外觀 | 黃色油狀液體[1] |
氣味 | 難聞刺鼻[1] |
密度 | 1.69 g/cm3(20 °C)[1] |
熔點 | -78 °C(195 K)([1]) |
沸點 | 147-149 °C(420-422 K)([1]) |
溶解性(水) | 不溶[1]、反應 |
log P | 3.47(預測) |
蒸氣壓 | 0.4 kPa(20 °C) |
折光度n D |
1.5395[2] |
偶極矩 | 0.65 D[3] |
危險性 | |
GHS危險性符號 | |
GHS提示詞 | Danger |
H-術語 | H301, H311, H312, H314, H330, H335 |
P-術語 | P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+310, P301+330+331, P302+352, P303+361+353, P304+340, P305+351+338, P310 |
NFPA 704 | |
PEL | TWA 0.1 ppm(0.8 mg/m3)[4] |
致死量或濃度: | |
LD50(中位劑量)
|
82.6 mg/kg(大鼠,口服)[5] |
LC50(中位濃度)
|
11 ppm(大鼠,1小時) 16 ppm(大鼠,1小時) 9 ppm(小鼠,3小時) 38 ppm(小鼠,2小時) 11 ppm(大鼠,1 hr) |
LCLo(最低)
|
388 ppm(人類,10分鐘) 46 ppm(小鼠,10分鐘)[5] |
若非註明,所有數據均出自標準狀態(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。 |
全氯甲硫醇是化學式 CCl3SCl的有機硫化合物,主要用於合成染料和抗真菌劑蓋普丹和滅菌丹。它是無色且難聞刺鼻的油狀液體,不過商購的樣本呈黃色。它不溶於水,可溶於有機溶劑。全氯甲硫醇其實是一種硫基氯,不是硫醇。[6]
歷史
[編輯]1915年,法國在香檳戰役中把全氯甲硫醇用作化學武器,但很快就因為容易被發現、分解和去除而被淘汰。[7]
製備
[編輯]全氯甲硫醇是由Rathke於1873年[6]通過氯氣和二硫化碳反應發現的,此方法至今仍用於生產全氯甲硫醇。這個反應由碘[8]或氯化氫催化。[9]
- CS2 + 3 Cl2 → CCl3SCl + SCl2
- 2 CS2 + 5 Cl2 → 2 CCl3SCl + S2Cl2
它也可以由氯化二甲硫醚[10]或硫光氣[11][12]而成。
反應
[編輯]全氯甲硫醇會緩慢水解:[13]
- CSCl4 + 2 H2O → CO2 + 4 HCl + 1⁄8 S8
它會被硝酸氧化,生成三氯甲磺酰氯(Cl3CSO2Cl),這是一種白色固體。[7]它在140 °C的二甲苯和三氯化鐵催化下用錫[14]或9,10-二氫蒽[15]脫氯,可以合成硫光氣。[16]
全氯甲硫醇會和氟化汞或氟化銀發生鹵素交換反應,生成二氯氟甲硫基氯(CCl2FSCl)[17][18],後者可用來合成抗真菌劑苯氟磺胺和對甲抑菌靈。
危險性
[編輯]全氯甲硫醇可通過呼吸道、皮膚或口服吸收。它會刺激眼睛、喉嚨、支氣管和肺泡,也會導致肝臟和腎臟損傷。[19]對大鼠[20][21]和小鼠[22][23]的動物實驗表明全氯甲硫醇是劇毒,中毒症狀有腹瀉、皮膚刺激以及呼吸急促。[24]
參考資料
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Record of Trichlormethylsulfenylchlorid in the GESTIS Substance Database from the IFA
- ^ Douglass, Irwin B.; Martin, Frederic T.; Addor, Roger. Sulfenyl Chloride studies. II. Mono-, Di-, and Tri-Chloromethanesulfenyl Chlorides and Certain of their Derivatives. The Journal of Organic Chemistry (American Chemical Society (ACS)). 1951, 16 (8): 1297–1302. ISSN 0022-3263. doi:10.1021/jo50002a018.
- ^ Rogers, Max T.; Gross, K. J. The Electric Moments of Some Sulfur and Selenium Compounds. Journal of the American Chemical Society (American Chemical Society (ACS)). 1952, 74 (21): 5294–5296. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja01141a018.
- ^ NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. #0489. NIOSH.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Perchloromethyl mercaptan. Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, National Research Council, (2011), Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Sosnovsky, George. The Chemistry Of Trichloromethanesulfenyl Chloride. Chemical Reviews (American Chemical Society (ACS)). 1958, 58 (3): 509–540. ISSN 0009-2665. doi:10.1021/cr50021a003.
- ^ Autenrieth, W.; Hefner, Heinrich. Über Versuche mit Thiophosgen. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series) (Wiley). 1925-10-14, 58 (9): 2151–2156. ISSN 0365-9488. doi:10.1002/cber.19250580935.
- ^ Prakash, G.K.Surya; Hu, Jinbo; Simon, Jurgen; Bellew, Donald R.; Olah, George A. Preparation of α,α-difluoroalkanesulfonic acids. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry (Elsevier BV). 2004, 125 (4): 595–601. ISSN 0022-1139. doi:10.1016/j.jfluchem.2003.11.031.
- ^ Patent Schering DE 416603.
- ^ James, J. William. XXIX.—The action of chlorine on organic thiocyanates. Part I. Methyl thiocyanate. J. Chem. Soc., Trans. (Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)). 1887, 51 (0): 268–274. ISSN 0368-1645. doi:10.1039/ct8875100268.
- ^ Klason, Peter. Ueber einige schwefelhaltige Derivate des Kohlensäureesters. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (Wiley). 1887, 20 (2): 2384–2385. ISSN 0365-9496. doi:10.1002/cber.18870200256.
- ^ Greco, C., (1978), Production of perchloromethyl mercaptan, Stauffer ChemicalCompany, Westport, Conn.
- ^ Dyson, G. M. (1926). "Thiophosgene". Org. Synth. 6: 86.
- ^ K. T. Potts, C. Sapino. Thiocarbonyl halides. S. Patai (編). Acyl Halides. PATAI'S Chemistry of Functional Groups. 1972: 349–380. ISBN 9780470771273. doi:10.1002/9780470771273.ch11.
- ^ E. F. Orwoll, US-Patent 2668853.
- ^ Kober, E.: A New Class of Sulfenyl Derivatives; Perhalogenated Aliphatic Sulfenyl Fluorides in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81 (1959) 4810–4812, doi:10.1021/ja01527a016.
- ^ Ham, N.S.: Dichlorofluoromethanesulfenyl chloride in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83 (1961) 751–752, doi:10.1021/ja01464a052.
- ^ Fritze, Jürgen. Die ärztliche Begutachtung Rechtsfragen, Funktionsprüfungen, Beurteilungen ; mit 208 Tabellen. Darmstadt. 2008: 296. ISBN 978-3-7985-1563-5. OCLC 199205123 (德語).
- ^ Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 42, S. 417, 1977.
- ^ Sbornik Vysledku Toxixologickeho Vysetreni Latek A Pripravku, Marhold, J.V., Institut Pro Vychovu Vedoucicn Pracovniku Chemickeho Prumyclu Praha, Czechoslovakia, S. 13, 1972.
- ^ Toxicometric Parameters of Industrial Toxic Chemicals Under Single Exposure, Izmerov, N.F., et al., Moscow, Centre of International Projects, GKNT, S. 97, 1982.
- ^ National Technical Information Service. Vol. OTS0533569.
- ^ CID 11666 from PubChem