政治極化

在政治領域，政治極化是指群體政治態度在意識形態方面偏離中間派，走向「極端化」的過程^[1]^[2]^[3]。

一般而言，政治學中大多數關於政治極化的討論都是在具有多個政黨和保有民主政府制度的背景下考慮的，在大多數兩黨制國家中，政治極化是該國二元政治意識形態對立的體現^[4]^[5]。然而，一些政治學家斷言，當代政治極化可能較少取決於左翼-右翼維度的政策差異，而是越來越多地取決於其他分歧，如宗教對世俗，民族主義對國際主義，傳統對現代，或農村對城市^[6]。

參見

議會暴力
南綠北藍
紅州與藍州
英國紅牆
波蘭A和B
韓國地域對立
烏克蘭地域對立
「迴聲室效應」，網路演算法上導致社群網路中出過濾氣泡，俗稱社群同溫層。
仇恨言論

參考文獻

^ DiMaggio, Paul; Evans, John; Bryson, Bethany. Have American's Social Attitudes Become More Polarized? (PDF). American Journal of Sociology. 1 November 1996, 102 (3): 690–755 [2020-11-03]. doi:10.1086/230995. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-03-04）.
^ Baldassarri, Delia; Gelman, Andrew. Partisans without Constraint: Political Polarization and Trends in American Public Opinion. American Journal of Sociology. 1 September 2008, 114 (2): 408–446. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.69.255 . S2CID 222436264. doi:10.1086/590649.
^ Fiorina, Morris P.; Abrams, Samuel J. Political Polarization in the American Public. Annual Review of Political Science. 1 June 2008, 11 (1): 563–588. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.153836.
^ Abramowitz, Alan I.; Saunders, Kyle L. Is Polarization a Myth?. The Journal of Politics. 27 March 2008, 70 (2): 542 [2020-11-03]. doi:10.1017/S0022381608080493. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-17）.
^ Bafumi, Joseph; Shapiro, Robert Y. A New Partisan Voter (PDF). The Journal of Politics. 27 January 2009, 71 (1): 1 [2020-11-03]. doi:10.1017/S0022381608090014. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-03-04）.
^ McCoy, Jennifer; Rahman, Tahmina; Somer, Murat. Polarization and the Global Crisis of Democracy: Common Patterns, Dynamics, and Pernicious Consequences for Democratic Polities. American Behavioral Scientist. January 2018, 62 (1): 16–42. ISSN 0002-7642. doi:10.1177/0002764218759576.

[dimaggio-96-1] DiMaggio, Paul; Evans, John; Bryson, Bethany. Have American's Social Attitudes Become More Polarized? (PDF). American Journal of Sociology. 1 November 1996, 102 (3): 690–755 [2020-11-03]. doi:10.1086/230995. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-03-04）.

[baldassarri-08-2] Baldassarri, Delia; Gelman, Andrew. Partisans without Constraint: Political Polarization and Trends in American Public Opinion. American Journal of Sociology. 1 September 2008, 114 (2): 408–446. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.69.255 . S2CID 222436264. doi:10.1086/590649.

[fiorina-08-3] Fiorina, Morris P.; Abrams, Samuel J. Political Polarization in the American Public. Annual Review of Political Science. 1 June 2008, 11 (1): 563–588. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.153836.

[abramowitz-08-4] Abramowitz, Alan I.; Saunders, Kyle L. Is Polarization a Myth?. The Journal of Politics. 27 March 2008, 70 (2): 542 [2020-11-03]. doi:10.1017/S0022381608080493. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-17）.

[bafumi-09-5] Bafumi, Joseph; Shapiro, Robert Y. A New Partisan Voter (PDF). The Journal of Politics. 27 January 2009, 71 (1): 1 [2020-11-03]. doi:10.1017/S0022381608090014. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-03-04）.

[:3-6] McCoy, Jennifer; Rahman, Tahmina; Somer, Murat. Polarization and the Global Crisis of Democracy: Common Patterns, Dynamics, and Pernicious Consequences for Democratic Polities. American Behavioral Scientist. January 2018, 62 (1): 16–42. ISSN 0002-7642. doi:10.1177/0002764218759576.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]